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Fundamentals of Patient Management > BSC Physiology > Flashcards

BSC Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

define homeostasis

A

maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite changing conditions of the external environment

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2
Q

what are the 5 regulated variable in the body?

A

1) [ ]s of nutrient molecules (glucose), O2 and CO2, and waste products (urea, creatine)
2) pH
3) Temp
4) blood volume and pressure
5) others- hormones, electrolytes, vitamins

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3
Q

how do hormones control feedback

A

they produce physiological responses that later inhibit secretion

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4
Q

why would homeostasis not occur

A
  • organ/ organ system is being prevented from its job
  • loss of negative feedback mechanisms
  • organ/ organ systems reached their limits
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5
Q

what are 2 examples of when feedback does not occur

A

1) plasma osmolality. Diabetes insipidus, neurogenic- decreases ADH from posterior pituitary and nephrogenic, kidneys sensitive to ADH
2) MAP. limited by how much HR &CC increase b/c then we die

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6
Q

describe the variable, sensor, control center, and effector related to plasma osmolality

A

1) elevated PO > 285
2) osmoreceptors
3) hypothalamus synth and PP secretes ADH
4) kidney- retaining H20 increases, excreting H20 decreases

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7
Q

describe the variable, sensor, control center, and effector related to blood glucose

A

1) decreased blood glucose <70
2) pancreas alpha cells detect change
3) alpha cells secrete glucagon
4) hepatocytes convert glycogen to glucose

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8
Q

describe the variable, sensor, control center, and effector related to arterial pressure

A

1) decreased MAP <70
2) baroreceptors detect change in carotid arteries and aortic arch
3) brainstem activates SNS
4) increased heart rate and cardiac contractility, arteriolar vasoconstriction

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9
Q

describe the variable, sensor, control center, and effector related to contractions

A

1) increased stretch on uterine walls
2) stretch receptors in uterine walls detect
3) hypothalamus synth and PP secretes oxytocin
4) myometrial contractions stimulated

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10
Q

what are the 6 tools we use to see if a patient has moved from physiological to a pathological state

A

1) patient history and exam
2) blood tests and chemistry
3) urinalysis and other urine tests
4) radiology
5) histology/ cytology
6) miscellaneous

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11
Q

what are the blood tests and chemistry that are used to assess pathology vs physiology

A

ABG, CBC, thyroid panel, CMP

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12
Q

what radiology methods are used to assess pathology vs physiology

A

x-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound

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13
Q

what are the histology methods used to assess pathology vs physiology

A

biopsy (fine needle and excisional) and pap smear

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14
Q

what are the miscellaneous tools that are used to assess pathology vs physiology

A

ECG, stress test, PFTs

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15
Q

what is a more complex feedback cycle and why is it more complex?

A
  • low blood testosterone
  • 3 different hormones, uses the endocrine axis
  • multiple control centers and effectors
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16
Q

describe the variable, sensor, control center, and effector related to blood testosterone

A
  • low blood testosterone
  • hypothalamus secretes GnRH
  • GnRH stimulates AP to secrete LH
  • LH stimulates testosterone production by leydig cells
  • increased blood testosterone, GnRH and LH secretion decline
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17
Q

who are the 2 major players of homeostasis

A

autonomic nervous system
endocrine system

18
Q

list the types of spinal nerves and the amount of each in order from cranial to caudal

A

cervical nerves- 8
thoracic nerves- 12
lumbar nerves- 5
sacral nerves- 5

19
Q

list the 12 brain and cranial nerves

A

1- fibers of olfactory nerve
2- optic
3- oculomotor
4- trochlear
5- trigeminal
6- abducens
7- facial
8- vestibulocochlear
9- glossopharyngeal
10- vagus
11- accessory
12- hypoglossal

20
Q

what are the different sections of a neuron

A
  • cell body/ soma
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • axon hillock
  • axon terminal
21
Q

what is the pathway to the SNS and PNS

A

nervous systems -> central NS and peripheral nervous system* -> sensory and motor-> somatic and autonomic -> parasympathetic and sympathetic

22
Q

what do the PNS and SNS do

A

PNS- conserve energy, rest and digest, feed and breed
SNS- mobilize body for activity, fight or flight, stress

23
Q

what are the two types of neurotransmitters? list if there are subtypes of each

A

cholinergic and adrenergic, cholinergic has muscarinic and nicotinic

24
Q

what are the MAIN parasympathetic actions for the eyes, parotid gland, heart, lungs, stomach/ intestines, and bladder
what is the neurotransmitter that attaches at the preganglionic end?

A
  • pupil constriction, increased salivation, decreased HR and contractility, bronchoconstriction, increase all digestive activities, and increase urination
    -Ach
25
Q

what are the MAIN sympathetic actions for the eyes, parotid gland, heart, lungs, stomach/ intestines, and bladder
what is the neurotransmitter that attaches at the postganglionic end?

A
  • pupil dilation, decreased salivation, increased HR and contractility, bronchodilation, decrease digestive activities, decrease urination
  • ALL NE
  • eyes alpha 1
  • heart beta1
  • lungs beta 2
  • parotid alpha1B1B2
  • stomach/int. alpha1, B1, B2
  • bladder alpha 1, B1, B2
26
Q

why would vision loss or damage to the optic nerve occur

A

pressure is too high on anterior chamber

27
Q

which are the classic endocrine glands

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas (islets of langerhaans), gonads (testes and ovaries), and placenta

28
Q

what are the side job endocrine glands

A

brain, heart, liver, GI tract, kidneys, adipose tissue

29
Q

what are the functions of homeostasis within the endocrine glands?

A
  • maintains homeostasis
  • cope w stress
  • regulate cell metabolism and energy
  • mood, growth, development, and reproduction regulation
30
Q

what is the classic model for the endocrine system

A

messengers are synth. and secreted by endocrine glands ->
travel by blood ->
bind to receptor on target tissue

31
Q

what are details to note on the endocrine model

A
  • messengers are secreted in small quantities, can be paracrine or autocrine
  • travelling thru blood may be with a hormone binding protein
  • binding to receptor is specific and has high affinity, in cytoplasm or nuclei
32
Q

how are endocrine messengers dealt with after use

A
  • degraded by enzymes in target tissues, blood, kidneys, or liver
  • metabolites excreted via urine/ bile
33
Q

what are the 3 types of hormones?

A

1) peptidic- non steroid
2) AA derivatives/ tyrosine derivatives or biogenic amines- non steroid
3) steroid hormones

34
Q

what are the characteristics of peptidic hormones

A

lipophobic and hydrophilic, no plasma protein carrier needed

35
Q

what are the characteristics of AA derivative hormones? examples?

A

can show similarities to peptidic or steroids depending
ex: epinephrine and NE- lipophobic and hydrophilic
ex: thyroid, lipophilic and hydrophobic

36
Q

what are characteristics of steroid hormones

A

lipids derived from cholesterol, differentiate by side chain
- lipophilic and hydrophobic, carried by plasma protein (albumin/ globulin, which can be specific)

36
Q

what are 3 important features of hormone receptors

A

1) cells only respond to hormones they have receptors for
2) can be down or up regulated
3) can be manipulated pharmalogically w/ hormone agonists/ antagonists

36
Q

how do you assess how to give hormones? what are examples of hormones?

A

by chemical nature of hormone
- birth control, levothyroxine, insulin, desmopressin (synth ADH, nasal spray), can be intranasally, subcutaneously or orally

37
Q

where does endocrine disease most commonly develop? describe each

A
  • develops on front and back ends
  • front end: endocrine itself, can be hypo/ hyper secretion (ex: thyroidism and type I diabetes)
  • back end: insensitive/ resistant receptors/ tissue (ex: type II diabetes)
38
Q

what is the internal environment

A

inside body but outside cells, plasma and interstitial fluid = ECF

Fundamentals of Patient Management (10 decks)

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