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Fundamentals of Patient Management > BSC Path/ Histo > Flashcards

BSC Path/ Histo Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

what are the primary uses for light microscopy? phase contrast?

A

light: patient diagnostics
phase- contrast: unstained, live

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2
Q

how is tissue prepared? what are the significant solutions?

A

placed in fixative
- most common formalin
- michel solution for direct immunofluorescence

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3
Q

what is the next step after tissue prep? what is an important part of this step

A

embedding and cutting, piece/ entire tissue is embedded in paraffin wax blocks

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4
Q

what is the next step after embedding and cutting? how does this relate to diagnosis?

A

hematoxylin and eosin staining, first step of diagnosis

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5
Q

describe the 3 dyes discussed

A
  • hematoxylin- basic dye, attracts positive charges due to (-) phosphate groups
  • eosin- acidic dye, attracts negative charges due to positive lysine and anginine
  • periodic- acid schiff- used to identify fungal stains and mucous cells b/c chitin and cellulose
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6
Q

what are the disorders in net cell production

A

excess- hyperplasia, cancer, autoimmune disorders
depletion- atrophy, degenerative diseases, AIDS, ischemic injury

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7
Q

what are some important features of the nucleus

A

membrane bound
nuclear envelope
chromatin
nucleolus

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8
Q

describe an example of a DNA checkpoint

A
  • if normal cell acquires DNA damage P53 accumulates, and mutation of TP53 leads to tumor suppressor activity
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9
Q

what are the 2 types of cell death

A

necrosis: accidental, unfavorable environments (hypothermia, hypoxia)
apoptosis: programmed cell death

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10
Q

what are the 2 types of apoptosis

A

intrinsic vs extrinsic
- intrinsic: inside cell, tumor suppression, p53 for DNA damage
- extrinsic: outside cell, TNF- membrane receptors trigger signaling cascade

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11
Q

what are the 4 basic tissue types and give a fast fact for each

A

1) epithelium: rests on basal lamina
2) CT: loose, dense, and specialized
3) muscle tissue: lots of actin and myosin
4) nerve tissue: CNS- neuroglial, PNS- schwann and satellite

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12
Q

what is a feature of all types of epithelium

A

avascular

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13
Q

what are the 4 types of epithelium we discussed? which are special?

A

1) simple epithelium: better for exchange, absorption, secretion
2) stratified epithelium: better for barrier and conduit formation
3) pseudostratified epithelium (actually simple), special
4) transitional epithelium/ urothelium, special

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14
Q

what are the 3 distinct morphologic domains

A

apical, lateral, basal

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15
Q

what are the components of the apical domain and give a fast fact for each

A

1) microvilli: enhance absorptive capacity
2) cilia: movement of fluid & particles along epithelial surfaces
3) stereocilia: mechanosensory function

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16
Q

what does the lateral domain do? what are the 5 categories?

A

cell-to-cell adhesion
1) tight junction
2) adherens junction
3) desmosomes
4) hemidesmosomes
5) gap junction

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17
Q

describe the important parts of the basal domain

A
  • basal lamina, where epithelial cells produce collagen
  • basement membrane= basal lamina + reticular lamina
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18
Q

what is the target of pathogens and autoimmunity

A

junctional complexes

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19
Q

what are examples of autoimmune diseases that attack junctional complexes

A

1) pemphigus vulgaris: antibodies attack desmosomes
2) mucus membrane pemphigoid: attack hemidesmosomes

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20
Q

what are 3 examples of organs w/ mainly secretory epithelium

A

thyroid gland, sebaceous, and salivary

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21
Q

what is the difference between simple vs. compound exocrine ducts

A

simple ducts don’t branch, compound, ducts branch

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22
Q

what is the pathway of exocrine secretion

A

secretory epithelial cells release products -> blood vessel -> systemic circulation -> destination site/ organ

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23
Q

what are the three types of exocrine glands? give an example of each and how they look w/ microscopy

A

mucous, serous (parotid), mucoserous (submandibular)
- hard to see myoepithelial cells

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24
Q

what are the 3 types of exocrine secretions? give an example for each

A

merocrine: exocytosis in secretory vesicles, sweat
holocrine: entire cell is secretory product, sebaceous
apocrine: apical end is broken w/ secretory products, mammary

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25
what is an example of endocrine secretion
basal cell layer of SSE
26
what are the layers of epithelium from free surface to CT
- stratum corneum: keratin layer - stratum lucidum - stratum granulosum - stratum spinosum - stratum basale
27
what is the classification of epithelium for the oral cavity
stratified squamous epithelium
28
what is an epithelial disease
epithelial dysplasia: premalignant condition, mild, moderate and severe classification, microscopic diagnosis
29
what are the 2 types of keratinization? what disease is associated with each?
1) non- keratinized: apthous ulcers (canker sores) 2) keratinized (recurrent intraoral herpes)
30
what are the 2 types of keratinized cells
orthokeratin- no nuclei in eptl cell parakeratin- nuclei in eptl cell
31
what is metaplasia? an example of a metaplasia?
one cell type is converted to a different cell type - Barret esophagus, more prone to malignancy, not malignant or pre-malignant
32
what are the 2 types of epithelium malignancies and give an example of each
1) carcinoma (lining), oral squamous cell carcinoma, most common oral cavity cancer 2) adeno- carcinoma (gland), polymorphous adenocarcinoma, salivary gland eptm
33
what are the boundaries of connective tissue
basal lamina and external lamina
34
what is in ECM
protein fibers (mainly collagen) and ground substance
35
what does ground substance contain
proteoglycans (GAGs- most abundant, hydrophilic), multi-adhesive glycoproteins
36
what are the types of CT
embryonic, connective tissue proper, and specialized
37
what are the key features of embryonic CT
- mucous and mesenchyme - mesenchyme: from mesoderm (except ectomesenchyme), gives rise to almost all CT in body mucous: umbilical cord is Whartons' jelly, appear like fibroblasts, potential therapeutic application
38
what are key features loose CT
- sparse collagen fibers, abundant ground substance
39
what are key features of dense regular CT
- tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses - tendons connect muscle to bone, ligaments are bone to bone
40
what are the 3 types of fibers
collagen, reticular, and elastic
41
what is the significance of collagen
- strength comparable to steel - type I (precursor to bone), II (cartilage), and IV (basement membrane)
42
what is the structure of collagen
- glycoproteins due to sugar that holds helix proteins together - molecule w/ triple helix
43
what is the production of collagen
vitamin c transforms preprocollagen to procollagen
44
what are problems that can arise from collagen
- scurvy - oral - scorbutic gingivitis, gingival swelling, periodontitis
45
what is the significance of reticular fibers
composed of type III, reticular, supports lymph tissues
46
what are reticular fibers produced by
reticular cell
47
what is the significance of elastic fiber
cross linked elastin and fibrillin network
48
what is the function of adipose
energy homeostasis and hormone production
49
what are key points of white adipose tissue
- unilocular - 10% of body weight if healthy - function is storage - ECM is elastic fibers
50
what are key points of brown adipose tissue
- multilocular - large amounts in newborns - function is heat production
51
what are the 4 types of papillae
filliform, fungiform, foliate, circumvallate
52
describe filliform papillae
no taste buds, thick keratin layer
53
where are papillae? what is the cell classification
cover dorsal tongue, variations of SSE
54
describe fungiform papillae
taste buds
55
describe foliate papillae
taste buds
56
what is a significant point about dental pulp
some nerve fibers enter proximal portions of dentinal tubules and contact odontoblast processes
57
what is cartilage? give a couple of key features
CT formed by chondrocytes and highly specialized ECM - avascular - >95% ECM
58
what is in the ECM of cartilage
Large GAG to Type II collagen ratio= allows diffusion to chondrocytes
59
what are the 3 types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
60
describe hyaline cartilage
- lacunae house chondrocytes-> chondros produce matrix - in articular surface of synovial joints - contains perichondrion
61
describe perichondrion
- dense irregular CT - source of new cartilage cells - articular joint surfaces do not have
62
describe the ECM of hyaline cartilage
- collagen type II (80%) - proteoglycans - multiadhesive glycoprotein - precursor for endochondral ossification
63
describe elastic cartilage
- found in epiglottis - has perichondrium
64
describe ECM of elastic cartilage
- type II collagen fibrils, elastic fibers, and aggrecan monomers - proteoglycans - multiadhesive glycoproteins - precursor for endochondral ossification
65
describe fibrocartilage
- temporomandibular joints - chondrocytes and FIBROBLASTS
66
describe ECM of fibrocartilage
aggrecan (chondrocyte) and versican (fibroblast)
67
when does growth and repair of cartilage occur
- contact w/ bone tissue while growing/ adult - about to be replaced by bone - part of aging process
68
what are the 4 types of bones
long, short, flat, and irregular
69
describe the long bone
proximal epiphysis/ distal epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis
70
describe the flat bone
intramembranous ossification, skull, mandible, and clavicle
71
what are 2 important features of bone
covered in periosteum, sharpey fibers connect periosteum to bone
72
describe bone ECM
- hydroxyapatite (Calcium phosphate) - bone ground substance (growth factors BMP) - lacunae surrounding osteocytes and canciuli connecting lacuna
73
describe endochondral ossification
osteoprogenitor cells -> osteoblasts -> deposit on cartilage surface
74
how are the primary and secondary ossification center separated
epiphyseal growth plate
75
what bones undergo intramembranous ossification
skull, mandible, clavicle
76
what are the cells of bone
osteoprogenito cells have RUNX2 (CBFA1 transcription factor) affect them -> osteoblasts -> secrete osteoid
77
what is an osteocyte
mature bone cells enclosed w/ lacunae of bone matrix, begin as osteoblasts before enclosed
78
what is the pathway of an osteoclast
osteoclast -> hematopoietic progenitor cells -> resorb bone matrix
79
what are the important components of bone
- immature (interwoven) bone - compact (dense, cortical) bone - spongy trabecular bone - mature (lamellar) bone: osteons and haversian canal - perforating (volkman canals)
80
how does bone grow
length= increase epiphyseal growth plate width (appositional) = increase compact bone and periosteum
81
why is muscle and how is muscle
why: primary role of contraction, responsible for nearly all movement how: myofilament interaction, thin- actin, thick- myosin
82
what are three important features of skeletal muscle
- striations - regeneration thru satellite cells - hypertrophy
83
what are the components of skeletal muscle cells
- peripherally located nuclei - sarcoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) - many myofibrils, series of sarcomeres - sarcolemme (PM)
84
what does the I band have? A band?
I: thin filaments and titin A: thick and thing, central M line, Hzone (only thick)
85
what happens when a muscle contracts
sarcomere shortens, myofilament remains
86
what are important features of cardiac muscle
- striations - no regeneration - hypertrophy
87
describe cardiac muscle
- 1-2 centrally located nuclei - intercalated discs: transverse regions (desmosomes) and gap junctions - no satellite cells - involuntary (purkinje fibers)
88
how does the nervous system help with cardiac muscle
- autonomic nerves, example heart rate - some contraction is modified by autonomic innervation (symp. vs. parasymp)
89
describe smooth muscle
- no striations - regeneration b/c mitosis - hypertrophy and hyperplasia
90
what are important parts about smooth muscle
- individual small tapering cells - still thin and thick filaments - involuntary: ANS
91
where do nerve cells originate from
ectoderm - neural tube -> CNS - neural crest cells -> PNS
92
describe the sensory nerves
afferent somatic: sensory input received consciously visceral: not consciously (ex. internal organs)
93
describe motor nerves
efferent somatic: voluntary autonomic: involuntary
94
what are the parts of a neuron
dendrites, cell body, axon
95
what are the elements of support in nervous system
supporting cells (CNS: neuroglia, PNS: schwann and satellite) macrophages CT elements - meninges surround CNS - endo/peri/epineurium surround peripheral nerves
96
what are the layers of PNS CTs
- endoneurium: axon and myelin sheath - perineurium: group of axons and perineurium = nerve fascicle - epineurium covers multiple fascicles
97
what is neoplasia
new growth, uncontrolled, of cells/ tissues
98
what does neoplasia start off as
monoclonal" single mutated cell leads to neoplasm
99
what are aspects of a benign neoplasm and an example
- circumscribed - well diff. - locally invasive - uniform cells - normal/ few/ no mitotic figures - ex: ameloblastoma (locally aggro)
100
what are aspects of a malignant neoplasm
- can spread in body - poorly diff. - metastasize - increased nucleus: cytoplasm ratio - pleomorphic - bizarre mitosis

Fundamentals of Patient Management (10 decks)

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