BS

Question 1

Prophylactic therapy

Answer 1

Treating patient at risk of developing infection before infection starts- exposure

Question 2

Empiric therapy

Answer 2

Antibiotic targeted to likely causes of infection and symptom presentation

Question 3

Definitive therapy

Answer 3

ID organism and treat with narrow spectrum targeted drug

Question 4

Issue with broad spectrum

Answer 4

Create resistance, target emperic to risk factors, where acquired and hx. Culture is optimal but not always practical

Question 5

Bacteriostatic

Answer 5

inhibit growth & replication- allows immune sx to react.

Question 6

Bactericidal

Answer 6

kills bacteria, more aggressive.

Question 7

MIC

Answer 7

lowest concentration of abx to inhibit growth

Question 8

Min Bactericidal Concentration

Answer 8

lowest concentration to kill 99.9% of bacteria

Question 9

Synergism

Answer 9

• combination is more effective than drug alone
• different MOA can attack in multiple ways
  ex: pen & clavulanate

Question 10

Disadvantage of combinations

Answer 10

Interefence- bacteriostatic & bactericidal together don’t allow either to work.
Can create resistance & changes in flora

Question 11

Blood brain barrier- enhancers

Answer 11

lipid soluble, low molecular weight, free drug

Question 12

BBB

Answer 12

Tight junctions keep out most things. Molcules must be small and lipophilic to cross through

Question 13

Narrow spectrum abx

Answer 13

Act on single or limited group of microorgs. Ideal! Ex- penicillin

Question 14

Extended/ broad spectrum abx

Answer 14

Active against multiple organisms. Emperic therapy. Ex tetracyclines

Question 15

Mechanisms of resistance

Answer 15

Enzyme inactivation, altered target site, altered membrane, antibiotic efflux.

Question 16

Causes of resistance

Answer 16

dose, emperical tx, metabolism deficits, non-compliance, long 1/2 life, tx viral infections

Question 17

Resistance prevention

Answer 17

Targeted, narrow spectrum, discard leftovers, complete course, educate patients

Question 18

Prototype- Cell wall inhibitor

Answer 18

Penicillin

Question 19

Prototype- Cell membrane inhibitor

Answer 19

Vancomycin

Question 20

Prototype- protein synthesis inhibitor

Answer 20

Tetracycline

Question 21

Prototype- nucleic acid inhibitor

Answer 21

Cipro

Question 22

Prototype- Folate antagonist

Answer 22

Sulfas

Question 23

Osmotic diarrhea

Answer 23

Increased osmotic gap. Volume increases with fasting, abd distention, bloating & flatuance

Question 24

Secretory diarrhea

Answer 24

High volume, watery with normal osmotic gap. Increased intestinal secretion or decreased absorption- tumors or bile salt malabsorbtion.

Question 25

Inflammatory diarrhea

Answer 25

accompanied by fever, bloody stools, abdominal pain & weight loss.