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Bio Infectious Diseases > Brock Immunity Reading > Flashcards

Brock Immunity Reading Flashcards

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1
Q

The body’s built in ability to recognize and destroy pathogens or their products

Develop within hours after contact with pathogen

Function of phagocytes

A

Innate immunity

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2
Q

Cells that can ingest, kill, and digest most microbial pathogens

Play a big role in innate immunity

A

Phagocytes

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3
Q

The acquired ability to recognize and destroy a specific pathogen or its products

Activated by innate response phagocytes

Directed at unique pathogen molecules called antigens

Takes several days to develop

A

Adaptive immunity

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4
Q

Unique pathogen molecules

A

Antigens

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5
Q

Phagocytes present antigen molecules to these cells

Key cells in the adaptive response

Antigens bind specific receptors on these cells

A

Lymphocytes

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6
Q

What doors the process of antigens binding specific receptors on the lymphocyte result in?

A

Triggers genes that promote lymphocyte multiplication and production of pathogen specific proteins that interact with the pathogen, marking it for destruction

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7
Q

Cells active in innate and adaptive immunity develop from common precursors called….

Grow in the bone marrow

A

Stem cells

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8
Q

What does immunity primarily result from?

A

The actions of cells that circulate throughout the body, mainly through the blood and the lymph

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9
Q

A fluid similar to blood that has nucleated cells and proteins but lacks red blood cells

A

Lymph

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10
Q

Precursor cells that can differentiate into any blood cell

A

Multipotent stem cells

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11
Q

How do stem cells differentiate into a variety of mature cells?

A

Under the influence of soluble cytokines and chemokines

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12
Q

Proteins that influence many aspects of immune cell differentiation

A

Cytokines and chemokines

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13
Q

Most numerous cells in human blood

Nonnucleated cells that function to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

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14
Q

Nucleated cells

Include phagocytes of the innate immune system and lymphocytes of the adaptive immune response

A

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

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15
Q

What does human blood consist of?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Plasma

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16
Q

Include the phagocytes of the innate immune response

A

Leukocytes

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17
Q

The cells active in the adaptive response

A

Lymphocytes

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18
Q

A liquid containing proteins and other solutes

In the blood

A

Plasma

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19
Q

The remaining fluid after blood clots, which has no cells or clothing proteins

Has a high concentration of antibodies

A

Serum

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20
Q

Soluble immune proteins that bind pathogen antigens

A

Antibodies

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21
Q

How does blood travel?

A

Blood is pumped by the heart through arteries and capillaries throughout the body and is returned through the veins

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22
Q

A separate circulatory system containing lymph

A

Lymphatic system

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23
Q

How does lymph drain?

A

Drains from extravascular tissues into lymphatic capillaries, lymph ducts, and then into lymph nodes throughout the lymphatic system

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24
Q

Organs that have lymphocytes and phagocytes arranged to encounter micro organisms and antigens as they travel through the lymphatic circulation

A

Lymph nodes

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25
Q

Part of the lymphatic system

Interacts with antigens and micro organisms that enter the body through mucous membranes, including those of the gut, the genitourinary tract, and bronchial tissues

Contains phagocytes and lymphocytes

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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26
Q

Consists of the lymph nodes, MALT, and spleen

Sites where antigens interact with antigen presenting phagocytes and lymphocytes to generate an adaptive immune response

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

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27
Q

Nucleated white blood cells found in the blood and the lymph

Participate in adaptive immunity

A

Leukocytes

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28
Q

Active in innate immunity

Derived from myeloid precursor cells

A

Myeloid cells

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29
Q

What two lineages can mature myeloid cells be divided into?

A

Monocytes and granulocytes

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30
Q

What does the monocyte lineage develop into?

A

Specialized phagocytic cells, called the antigen presenting cells (APCs)

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31
Q

Engulf, process, and present antigens to lymphocytes

Derived from monocyte lineage

Include macrophages and dendritic cells

A

Antigen presenting cells

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32
Q

Usually the first defense cells that interact with a pathogen

Abundant in spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT

derived from monocytes

A

Macrophages

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33
Q

Phagocytes that specialize in presenting antigens to lymphocytes

Derived from monocytes

A

Dendritic cells

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34
Q

Second lineage derived from myeloid precursors

Contain cytoplasmic inclusions, or granules

A

Granulocytes

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35
Q

Contain toxins or enzymes that are released to kill target cells

A

Granules

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36
Q

Granulocyte with phagocytic activity

Called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)

Central to innate immunity

A

Neutrophil

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37
Q

Release of granules

Can cause allergy symptoms and inflammation

A

Degranulation

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38
Q

Specialized leukocytes involved exclusively in the adaptive immune response

A

Lymphocytes

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39
Q

Circulate through the blood and lymph system but are concentrated in the lymph nodes and spleen where they interact with antigens

A

Mature lymphocytes

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40
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells

T cells

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41
Q

Type of lymphocyte

Originates and matures in the bone marrow

Specialized APCs

Precursors of antibody producing plasma cells

A

B cells

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42
Q

Called immunoglobulins (Igs)

Soluble proteins produced by B cells and plasma cells

Interact with certain antigens

A

Antibodies

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43
Q

Type of lymphocyte

Interact with antigen

Begin development in the bone marrow but travel to the thymus to mature

A

T cells

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44
Q

Consists of the bone marrow and thymus

Sites where lymphoid stem cells develop into functional antigen-reactive lymphocytes

A

Primary lymphoid organs

45
Q

Process of leukocytes moving throughout the body and passing from blood to interstitial spaces, then to lymphatic vessels, and back to the blood circulatory system

A

Extravasation

46
Q

The non-inducible, preexisting ability to recognize and destroy a pathogen or its products

Does not require previous exposure to a pathogen

Mediated by phagocytes

A

Innate immunity

47
Q

What do the macromolecules inside and on the surface of pathogens display?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) ~ have repeating subunits

48
Q

What is the first line of defense against pathogens the body has never encountered?

A

Phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils

49
Q

What do phagocytes have that interact directly with PAMPs?

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

50
Q

How do PRRs work?

A

Each PRR interacts with a certain PAMP to activate the phagocytes to ingest and destroy the targeted pathogen by phagocytosis

51
Q

Directed toward a molecular component of the pathogen called an antigen

Pathogen specific receptors are made in large numbers only after exposure to the pathogen or its products

Inducible only when triggered by a unique antigen on a pathogen

A

Adaptive immunity

52
Q

What is generated during the first exposure to an antigen?

A

Primary adaptive immune response

53
Q

The Antigen contact stimulates growth and multiplication of antigen reactive cells, creating clones, which are large numbers of identical antigen reactive cells

Clones persist for years and confer long term specific immunity

A

Primary adaptive immune response

54
Q

The antigen binding proteins of T cells

A

T cell receptors (TCRs)

55
Q

Cell surface antibodies on a B cell

A

B cell receptors (BCRs)

56
Q

Caused by a second exposure to the same antigen which activates the clones of antigen reactive cells

Faster and stronger response

A

Secondary adaptive immune response

57
Q

The rapid increase in adaptive immunity after a second antigen exposure

A

Memory

58
Q

Exhibited by the adaptive immune system

The acquired inability to generate an immune response against self antigens

Ensures that adaptive immunity is directed to outside agents that pose genuine threats to the host, and not to host proteins

A

Tolerance

59
Q

What does adaptive immunity begin with?

A

The interactions of immune T lymphocytes with peptide antigens on infected cells

60
Q

When can a T cell recognize peptides?

A

The T cell, with its TCR, can recognize peptide only when the peptides are complexed with self proteins called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, found on host cell surfaces

61
Q

What displays MHC 1 proteins?

A

All host cells

62
Q

What cells display MHC 2?

A

APCs (macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells)

63
Q

Where are the APCs found?

A

Macrophages ~ all organs of the body

Dendritic cells and B cells ~ secondary lymphoid organs

64
Q

Process of MHC-embedded peptides being transported to the phagocyte surface where the complex is displayed

A

Antigen presentation

65
Q

How do T cells grow and divide?

A

Peptide-MHC complexes that interact with the TCR signal the T cell to grow and divide,producing antigen reactive clones that interact directly to kill cells displaying the same foreign peptide or help other cells to eliminate cells with the same peptide

66
Q

What are the three basic T cell subsets?

A

*t cell subsets interact with other cells to initiate immune reactions

1) . T-helper cells (Th)
- Th1
- Th2
2) . T-cytotoxic (Tc) cells

67
Q

Differentiated from Th cells

Antigen activated T cell subsets

Respond by proliferating and producing soluble cytokines which interact with receptors on other cells, activating them to initiate an immune response

A

Th1 and Th2 cells

68
Q

Interact with peptide-MHC 2 complexes on the surface of macrophages stimulate the Th1 cell to make cytokines that activists the macrophages, enhancing phagocytosis of cells displaying the target peptide and causing inflammatory reactions that limit the spread of infections

A

Antigen specific Th1 cells

69
Q

Use cytokines to stimulate (help) antigen reactive B cells to make antibodies

A

Th2 cells

70
Q

Recognize the peptide-MHC 1 complex on an infected cell

When they interact with the infected cell, they secrete proteins that kill the peptide bearing infected cell

A

T-cytotoxic cells (Tc)

71
Q

Soluble proteins made by B cells and plasma cells in response to exposure to antigens

Bind specifically to a single antigen

A

Antibodies

72
Q

Controls the spread of infection by recognizing pathogens and their products in extra cellular environments like blood and mucous secretions

A

Antibody mediated immunity

73
Q

Specialized lymphocytes that have antibodies on their surface

Each one displays multiple copies of a single antibody that is specific for a single antigen

A

B cells

74
Q

How are antibodies made?

A

B cells bind antigens through interactions with the BCR

The surface antibody-antigen interaction induces the B cell to ingest the antigen containing pathogen by phagocytosis

The B cell then kills and digest the pathogen, producing a battery of pathogen derived peptide antigens

The peptides are complexed with MHC 2 and displayed on the surface of the B cell to the antigen specific Th2 cell

75
Q

What do Th2 cells produce?

A

Cytokines that stimulate antigen reactive B cells, which respond by growing and dividing, establishing clones of the original antigen reactive B cell

Many of the activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells that make soluble antibodies

76
Q

The secondary response

Basis for vaccination

A

Immune memory

77
Q

Antibody class

Found in blood and mucous secretions

Functions in secondary response and mucosal immunity for extracellular pathogens

A

IgA

78
Q

Antibody class

Found in mast cells

Functions in parasite immunity and allergies

A

IgE

79
Q

Antibody class

Found in the blood

Functions to secondary response for extracellular pathogens

A

IgG

80
Q

Antibody class

Found in the blood

Functions in primary response for extracellular pathogens

A

IgM

81
Q

How do antibodies work?

A

Most antibody interactions don’t directly kill the pathogen

Many antibodies block interactions between pathogens or their products and host cells

82
Q

Specific serum antibodies can bind toxins, blocking the binding of toxin to host cell receptors

A

Neutralization

83
Q

Have general antibody receptors called Fc receptors (FcR) that bind to any antibody attached to an antigen

A

Phagocytes

84
Q

Enhanced phagocytosis of the antibody coated cells

A

Opsonization

85
Q

What might antibody mediated destruction of pathogens also involve?

A

A group of proteins known collectively as complement

86
Q

How do complement proteins work?

A

Complement proteins attach to pathogen surfaces, attracted by IgM or IgG antibodies bound to the pathogen

87
Q

What two effects could the complement proteins haven on the pathogen?

A

1) . Complement proteins could form a pore in the pathogen cytoplasmic membrane, directly lysing the pathogen cell
* only affects those pathogen cells with bound antibodies

2) . The stimulation of phagocytosis; pathogen bound complement proteins are recognized by complement receptors called C3 receptors (C3R) found on the surface of phagocytes like neutrophils and macrophages
* results in opsonization and phagocytosis of the cells sensitized by antibody and complement

88
Q

A general, nonspecific reaction to noxious stimuli such as toxins and pathogens

Characterized by redness, swelling, pain, and heat usually localized at the site of infection

A

Inflammation

89
Q

What are the molecular activators or inflammation?

A

Group of cell activators and chemoattractants, including cytokines and chemokines

90
Q

Cells with inflammation inducing abilities

Produced in high concentration by phagocytes and lymphocytes

The most important chemokines and cytokines

A

Proinflammatory

91
Q

Why does an immune response normally activate inflammation?

A

To isolate and limit tissue damage by destroying pathogen invaders and removing damaged cells

92
Q

An acute condition that begins at the site of pathogen entry into the body

A

Immune mediated inflammation

93
Q

What happens if the inflammatory response fails to localize the pathogens?

A

The reaction spreads throughout the body

Uncontrolled systemic inflammation can be more dangerous than the Original infection

Can lead to septic shock

94
Q

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha

Endogenous pyrogens

A

Proinflammatory cytokines

95
Q

Stimulate the brain to produce prostaglandins, chemical signals that raise body temperature, causing a fever

A

Endogenous pyrogens

96
Q

High fever
Extremely low blood pressure
Severe edema

Caused by a high quantity of projnflammatory cytokines meant to combat systemic infections

A

Septic shock

97
Q

Fragment of antigen binding

A

FAB

98
Q

Increased oxygen species
Increased hydrolytic enzymes
Decreased pH
Increased antimicrobial peptides

A

Effects of phagocytosis

99
Q

Involve phagocytes, macrophages, phagolysozome, phagosome, lysozome

A

Intracellular defense

100
Q

Involve neutrophils, granules, NETS

A

Extracellular defense

101
Q

True or false: both myeloid cells and lymphoid cells are leukocytes?

A

True

102
Q

True or false: primary lymphoid organs are places where leukocytes clear infections; secondary lymphoid organs are placed where leukocytes are generated

A

False

103
Q

True or false: phagocytes are myeloid lineage cells

A

True

104
Q

True or false: LPS composition is the same in all bacteria?

A

False

105
Q

True or false: primary adaptive immune response takes place in primary lymphoid organs; secondary adaptive immune response takes place in secondary lymphoid organs?

A

False

106
Q

True or false: antigen presenting cells are pathogens that have pathogen associated molecular patterns on their surface?

A

False

107
Q

True or false: the presence of pathogens is enough to stimulate antibody production?

A

False

108
Q

True or false: antibodies do not directly kill pathogens

A

True

109
Q

True or false: during septic shock, the blood pressure is likely lower?

A

True

Bio Infectious Diseases (10 decks)

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