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Structural Geology > Brittle Deformation > Flashcards

Brittle Deformation Flashcards

1
Q

Classify the displacement field of fracture:

Opening or Extension

A

Mode I

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2
Q

Classify the displacement field of fracture: Sliding

A

Mode 2 (Shear Factures)

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3
Q

Classify the displacement field of fracture: Tearing - parallel to the edge slip

A

Mode 3 ( Shear Fractures)

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4
Q

Classify the displacement field of fracture: Closing especially as in Stylolites

A

Mode 4

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5
Q

Types of Joints: Have subparallel orientation and regular spacing

A

Systematic joints

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6
Q

types of Joints: have subparallel orientation and regular spacing

A

Systematic joints

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7
Q

types of joints: joints that does not share a common orientation and those with highly curved and irregular fracture surfaces

A

Nonsystematic joints

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8
Q

Joints that share a similar orientation in the same area

A

Joint set

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9
Q

Two or more joint set in the same area

A

joint system

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10
Q

joints that exhibit a feathered texture

A

Plumose joint

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11
Q

joints that are filled with minerals or aggregates

A

veins

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12
Q

joints that come in pair (unfilled or filled)

A

Conjugate joints

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13
Q

Differerentiate and draw the different termination along shear fractures

A
  1. wingcrack 2. horsetailing 3. splaying 4. Antithetic structures
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14
Q

Joint and Fracture Mechanism: indicates zones where the joint propagate rapidly

A

Hackle Marks

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15
Q

perpendicular to the direction of propagation and forms parallel to the advancing edge of the fracture

A

Arrest Lines

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16
Q

Engelder’s Joints: forms at depth with stress originate tectonically, and horizontal compaction occurs. Forms at depth less than 3km

A

Tectonic joints

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17
Q

Engelder’s joints: Forms at depth in response to abnormal fluid pressure arid involving hydrofracturing. Forms during burial and vertical compaction of sediment at depths greater than 5 km, where escaped of fluid hindered by low permeability, which creates locally abnormally high pressure

A

Hydarulic joints

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18
Q

Engelder’s joints: Forms when more than half of the original overburden has been removed from the rock mass

A

Unloading joints

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19
Q

Engelder’s joints: Form late in the history of an area and are ultimately oriented perpendicular to the original tectonic compressin that formed from the dominant fabric in the rock

A

Release joints

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20
Q

Non tectonic and Quasitectonic Fractures: Forms subparallel to surface topography, generally in massive rocks and corresponds to the unloading joint of engelder

A

Sheeting

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21
Q

Non tectonic and Quasitectonic Fractures: response to cooling and shrinkage of congealing magma

A

columnar joints

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22
Q

Non tectonic and Quasitectonic Fractures: Shrinkage due to evaporation of water in unconsolidated sediments

A

Mudcracks or Dessication Cracks

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23
Q

A fracture having an appreciable movement parallel to the plane of fracture

A

Faults

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24
Q

Anatomy of Faults: The actual movement surface

A

Faulit plane

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25
Q

Anatomy of Faults: the block resting on the fault plane

A

Hanging wall

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26
Q

Anatomy of the Faults: The block benath the fault plane

A

Foot wall

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27
Q

Anatomy of Faults: is the direction of the line formed by the intersection of a rock surface with a horizontal plane

A

Strike

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28
Q

Anatomy of Faults: The acute angle that a rock surface makes with a horizontal plane

A

Dip

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29
Q

Anatomy of faults: Down or up movement parallel to the dip direction of thefault

A

Dip-slip component

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30
Q

Anatomy of faults: movement parallel to the strike

A

Strike - slip component

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31
Q

Anatomy of faults: The combination of strike slip and dip slip

A

Oblique slip

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32
Q

Anatomy of faults: (True Displacements) the total amount of motion measured parallel to the direction of the motion

A

Net slip component

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33
Q

Anatomy of the Fault: Angle formed

A

rake

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34
Q

Anatomy of faults: the horizontal component of dip separation measured perpendicular to the strike of the fault

A

heave

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35
Q

Anatomy of faults: the vertical component measured in the vertical plane containing the dip

A

throw

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36
Q

Anatomy of faults: polished fault surface

A

slickensides

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37
Q

Anatomy of faults: aligned fibrous minerals on a movement surface

A

slickenfiber

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38
Q

Anatomy of faults: the amount of apparent offset of faulted surface such as bed or a dip measured in specified direction

A

Separation

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39
Q

Anderson classification of faults: dip slip fault in which the hanging wall has move down relative to the foot wall

A

Normal Fault

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40
Q

A block that moved down between to subparallel normal faults that dips toward one another

A

Graben

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41
Q

consist of two subparallel fault that dip towards each other so that the block in between remains high

A

Horst

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42
Q

A normal fault that exhhibits steep dip near the surface but flattened with depth. Concave up surface

A

Listric (Lag) Faults

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43
Q

branching characteristics of thrust and strike slip faults

A

splay

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44
Q

dip the same direction as the master fault and join the master fault to the depth

A

synthetic faults

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45
Q

Join the master fault at depth, but dip in the opposite directions

A

Antithetic fault

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46
Q

Folds associated to normal fault: a bend in rock strata that are otherwise uniformly dipping or horizontal

A

Monocline

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47
Q

Folds associated to normal fault: a normal fault may break and displace between rocks but die upward into the sedimentary cover

A

Drape fold

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48
Q

Folds associated to normal fault: form because of friction along the fault surface and occur along normal faults

A

Drag Folds

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49
Q

Folds associated to normal fault: Form along growth faults where the part of the downthrown block close to the fault is displaced the downward more than the parts further away

A

Reverse Drag folds and Rollover anticline

50
Q

normal fault that is commonly form in a relatively unconsolidated sediments during deposition and produce thickened stratigraphic units in the downthrown block

A

Growth faults

51
Q

30 degrees or less dip angle; hanging wall moves upward

A

Thrust Fault

52
Q

45 degrees or more dip angle;

A

reverse fault

53
Q

Thrust Faults: A high angle segment which may occur on all scales crossing units from few cm to a km or more thick

A

Ramp

54
Q

Thrust faults: form by faulting the connecting limb of an anticline or syncline pair, overthrusting the HW anticline and preserving FW syncline

A

break thrust

55
Q

Thrust faults: Formed independently by folding but not having a FW syncline

A

Shear thrust

56
Q

Thrust Faults: a thrust sheet wherein dip flattens as it passes over a ramp

A

Fault-bend Folds

57
Q

Thrust Faults: Form as layers fold during propagation of a thrust through a sedimentary sequence

A

Fault-propagation fold

58
Q

Thrust Faults: Folds that forms near the thrust surface during movement

A

Drag folds

59
Q

Thrust faults: piece material. the age of forse material is usually intermediate between the age of the HW and the FW

A

horse and slice

60
Q

Thrust faults: the smaller faults in a group of thrust faults

A

Imbricate Thrust

61
Q

Thrust faults: occurs when two subparallel thrust approximately of equal displacement are separated by a deformed interval that is thin relative to its total area extent

A

Duplex

62
Q

Thrust faults: The upper of the two master faults

A

Roof thrust

63
Q

Thrust faults: The lower of the two master faults

A

Floor thrust

64
Q

Thrust faults: the line of intersection of two fault surface

A

Branch line

65
Q

Thrust faults: thrust fault that is terminated at the surface due to erosion

A

Erosion or Emergent thrust

66
Q

Thrust Faults: a thrust fault that does not manifest into the surface

A

Blind Thrust

67
Q

Features produced by erosion: Dismemberment of a thrust sheet by erosion

A

Klippe

68
Q

Features produced by erosion: A large remnant. Also used for a large single thrust sheet

A

Allochthon

69
Q

Features produced by erosion: involve transport of metamorphic or igneous rocks or both as part or all of a thrust sheet

A

Crystalline Thrust

70
Q

Sinistral

A

Left Lateral strike slip fault

71
Q

Dextral

A

Right Lateral strike slip fault

72
Q

bound the edge of thrust sheets

A

Tear fault

73
Q

Right step overs or Left step overs

A

Pull apart or Rhomb-graben or Rhombchasm

74
Q

Right-step overs sinistral fault or left step over dextral fault

A

Push up or Rhomb horst

75
Q

faults which converge or project toward a single point

A

Radial faults

76
Q

faults which form coencentric to a point

A

Concentric faults

77
Q

faults which follow bedding or occur parallel to the orientation of bedding plane

A

Bedding faults/bedding plane faults

78
Q

A large strike slip fault that segments plate boundaries or create plate boundaries, they connect two MOR or destructive plate boundaries, it can get very long just like the San Andreas Fault

A

Transform Fault

79
Q

True or False: Large transform fault are actually fault zones rather than large individual fault

A

True

80
Q

True or False: transfer fault are bounded and cannot grow freely implying that their displacement increases relative to their strength

A

True

81
Q

Strike slip faults that have free tips and not constrained by any other structures, their free tips move so that the fault length increases as displacement accumulates

A

Transcurrent Faults

82
Q

Free strike slip faults form within plates

A

Intraplate faults

83
Q

Free strike slip faults that occur along plate boundaries

A

Interplate faults

84
Q

True or False: Transcurrent faults can be expected to meet and interfere with other faults at some point during their growth history, but they will never have the special kinematic role that transform faults have

A

True

85
Q

True or False: (Single Faults (SIMPLESHEAR)) strike slip faults forms when individual parts of the crust move at different rates along the surface of the earth

A

True

86
Q

an experiments that models different secondary structures associated with strike slip fault

A

Riedel’s clay experiments

87
Q

Strike slip faults that were active and formed at about the same time under the same regional stress field

A

Conjugate strike slip faults (Pure shear)

88
Q

True or false: Conjugate faults result from pure shear in the horizontal plane where shortening in one direction is compensated by orthogonal extension in the vertical direction

A

True

89
Q

when an individual fault segments overlap and link, a local deviation from the general fault trend is established in the form of

A

Fault step over or Fault bend

90
Q

True or False: Contractional or extensional structures form in such bends is dependent on the sense of slip on the fault relative to the sense of stepping

A

True

91
Q

Contractional or extensional? includes stylolites, cleavages, folds, and reverse faults that form in restraining bends as this bends are areas of positive relief

A

Contractional structures

92
Q

Subparrallel reverse or oblique slip contractional faults bounded by the two strike slip segments can form and called

A

contractional strike-slip duplexes

93
Q

Produces extentional structures such as Normal faults and extension fractures

A

Releasing bends

94
Q

Parallel extensional faults bounded on both sides by strike-slip faults are called

A

extensional strike slip duplexes

95
Q

Give clues for dectecting of releasing and restraining bends in the field since seismic not alone can detect them

A

normal faults, reverse faults and folds

96
Q

A characteristic feature of such bends is their tendency to split up and widen upward is called

A

flower structures

97
Q

Flower structures that are associated with restraining bend are called

A

positive

98
Q

Flower structures that are associated with releasing bend are called

A

negative

99
Q

Bends in strike-slip faults can produce local components of contraction or extension,they can dominate the full length of the fault if it is shear zone or strike slip fault if the fault is not purely strike slip this type of deformation occuring in such bends are reffered as

A

Transpression and Transtension

100
Q

is the spectrum of combinations of strike slip and pure contraction

A

Transpression

101
Q

is the spectrum of combinations of strike slip and extension

A

Transtension

102
Q

the extend of PFZ

A

-1250 km

103
Q

whats the trend of PFZ

A

NNW

104
Q

The movement of PFZ

A

Left lateral strike slip fault

105
Q

1990 Luzon Earthquake

A

7.8

106
Q

1645 Luzon earthquake

A

7.5

107
Q

1968 Casiguran earthquake

A

7.3

108
Q

2013 Bohol earthquake

A

7.2

109
Q

1994 Mindoro earthquake

A

7.1

110
Q

2012 Visayas earthquake

A

6.9

111
Q

1983 Luzon earthquake

A

6.5

112
Q

1976 Moro Gulf earthquake and tsunami

A

8.0

113
Q

2012 Samar earthquake

A

7.6

114
Q

surface manifestation associated with salt domes

A

Radial expansion faults and Concentric collapse faults

115
Q

state criteria for faulting

A
  1. Repetition and ommission of stratigraphic units, or the displacement (offset) of a recognizable marker
  2. Truncation of structures, beds or some rocks units against some feature
  3. Occurences of fault rock such as mylonites and cataclasites
  4. Abundant of veins, silicification or other mineralization along afracture zone
  5. Drag
  6. Slicken sides or slickenlines
  7. Fault scarp
116
Q

Fault scarp is evolved to _____ through differential erosion through time along the fault which will level the topograpic surface and may remove a resistant layer in the HW.

A

Fault line scarp

117
Q

a fault line scarp which erosion preserves the original facing direction of the fault scarp

A

Resequent Fault line Scarp

118
Q

a fault line line scarp that through erosion of a resistant layer faces opposite the direction fault scarp. An incorrect motion sense would be inferred on topography alone

A

Obsequent Fault line Scarp

119
Q

True or False: “lubricating” effect of fluid in afault zone is really a bouyancy effect that reduces the shear stress necessary to permit the fault slip as the fluid pressure reduces the normal stress on the fault plane which result to the effective normal stress

A

True

120
Q

involves sudden movement on the fault after long term accumulation of stress, elastic rebound; causes of earthquake

A

Stick slip (unstable frictional sliding)

121
Q

uninterrupted motion along the fault; so that stress is relieved continoulsy and does not accumulate

A

Stable sliding (continous creep)

Structural Geology (10 decks)

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