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British rule Flashcards

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0
Q

What changes occurred to the Province of Québec after the Royal Proclamation of 1763?

A
  1. French laws are replaced by British laws
  2. Changes in the administration of the colony
  3. Change in government
  4. Change in the colony’s name
  5. Smaller territory
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1
Q

New France no longer exists. What is the name of the new colony?

A

The Province of Québec.

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2
Q

What is liberalism?

A

It is a political ideology to which all individuals have equal and fundamental rights.

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3
Q

What do the liberals believe everyone has right to?

A

-The right to live and be safe -The right for freedoms (expression, opinion) -The right to own private property

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4
Q

What did the arrival of the printing press do?

A

It allowed the publication of newspapers and brochures and promoting the dissemination of liberal ideas to the population.

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5
Q

What changes occurred after the Québec Act of 1774?

A

-The expansion of the territory -British criminal law stays, but French civil law is reinstated -The Oath of Allegiance replaces the Test Act -The Church may collect the tithe -Freedom to practice the Roman Catholic faith

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6
Q

What is the name of the first constitution of the Province of Québec?

A

The Royal Proclamation of 1763.

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7
Q

Why was the Legislative Assembly put into place?

A

The first British merchants (the Montrealers) and the Loyalists demanded that they have more power within the government.

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8
Q

What were the two newspapers that allowed the people to express their opinions during the British rule?

A

-The Québec Mercury -The Montréal Gazette

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9
Q

What was the Treaty of Paris and when was it signed?

A

A treaty that ended the Seven Years war between France and Great Britain in 1763.

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10
Q

What was the goal of the Royal Proclamation?

A

To assimilate the French Canadiens.

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11
Q

What was the Test Act?

A

A person had to put their hand on the bible renouncing the Catholic faith and the authority of the pope. One had to do this to be part of the government.

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12
Q

What year was the Bank of Montreal founded?

A

1817

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13
Q

What did the British merchants (Montrealers) do to influence the governor or the king?

A

-Write petitions -Express their opinion in local newspapers

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14
Q

Who wanted to boycott British products as a pressure tactic?

A

The Patriotes

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15
Q

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

A

A treaty in which Britain recognized the independence of the United States of America.

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16
Q

Who were the Loyalists?

A

American colonists who remained loyal to the king of England.

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17
Q

Why was the Constitutional Act of 1791 put to place?

A

To satisfy the demands made by the Loyalists by: 1. Creating Upper and Lower Canada 2. Having a Legislative Assembly for both parts 3. Granting the townships as a land division in all new territory 4.Granting British criminal and civil law in Upper Canada

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18
Q

When did the timber trade surpass the fur trade?

A

At the beginning of the 19th century (around 1805)

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19
Q

After the British conquest, what economic activity developed in the beginning of the 19th century?

A

The timber trade

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20
Q

What was the purpose of the Royal Proclamation of 1763?

A

The aim of the Royal proclamation was to assimilate the French-speaking population Nd to make them British subjects.

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21
Q

When was the Constitutional Act put into place?

A

1791

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22
Q

What was the main current of thought at the beginning of the 18th century?

A

Liberalism

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23
Q

What is Ultramontanism?

A

An ideology in which the Church wants to control the government and have more influence over the population.

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24
Q

What is in the Index?

A

A list of books prohibited by the Catholic Church.

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25
Q

Define anticlericalism.

A

It is the refusal of the church’s influence over the population, except when it comes to spiritual matters.

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26
Q

Identify an example of anticlericalism.

A

L’Institut Canadien de Montréal

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27
Q

When was the Royal Proclamation put into effect?

A

In 1763.

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28
Q

In the Royal Proclamation, what was the name of the new colony?

A

The Province of Québec

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29
Q

When was the Québec Act put into place?

A

In 1774.

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30
Q

When was the Constitutional Act put into place?

A

In 1791.

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31
Q

What happened to the territory of the Province of Québec in the Constitutional Act of 1791?

A

The land was divided into Upper and Lower-Canada

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32
Q

When did the Rebellions in Lower Canada took place?

A

In 1837-1838.

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33
Q

After the British conquest in 1760, the Province of Québec became one of many colonies in the British empire. This conquest will change many things in New France. Name a few of the changes that occurred.

A
  • Change in the laws of the land
  • Change in the administration of the colony
  • Change in the langage used in the gouvernment
  • Change in the accepted religion
  • Change in the government
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34
Q

What was the name of the treaty that ended the Seven Years war?

A

Treaty of Paris

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35
Q

What was the name of the first contitution?

A

The Royal Proclamation of 1763

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36
Q

What was the name of the second constitution?

A

The Québec Act of 1774

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37
Q

What was the name of the third constitution?

A

The Constitutional Act of 1791

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38
Q

After the Rebellions of 1837-1838, Great Britain will send someone to report the causes of the Rebellions. Who was this person?

A

Lord Durham

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39
Q

Afther the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, New France became ofiicially a colony of what country?

A

Great Britain

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40
Q

How will the Constitutional Act of 1791 divide the colony?

A

Into Upper and Lower Canada

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41
Q

What economic policy did Great Britain embrace in the mid 19th century?

A

Protectionism

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42
Q

Define protectionism.

A

An economic policy by a state or government to protect the economy of the country and colonies. This economic policy favours the buying and selling of goods between countries.

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43
Q

Which laws guaranteed preferential tariffs on the British market?

A

Corn Laws

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44
Q

Who were the merchants that established themselves in the Province of Québec in the early 1760s?

A

The British merchants, called the Montrealers.

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45
Q

During the British rule, who setlled in Montréal to practice the fur trade?

A

Scottish, English and American merchants

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46
Q

What was the name of the first English fur trading company?

A

The Hudson’s Bay Company

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47
Q

What was the name of the company that rivaled the Hudson’s Bay Company?

A

The Northwest Company

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48
Q

In the early 19th century, Great Britain was unable to produce enough food. Where did they buy wheat from?

A

Lower Canada

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49
Q

Why were living conditions difficult for farmers in the 1830s?

A
  1. Poor harvest
  2. Harsh climate
  3. No more wheat
  4. Poor farming techniques
  5. The land was exhausted…not enough land to farm
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50
Q

What resource will replace the fur trade as the main economic activity of the Province of Québec?

A

The timber or lumber trade (wood)

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51
Q

What was the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854?

A

An economic treaty between the United States of America and United Canada

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52
Q

What international event occurred at the begining of the 1800s?

A
  1. The Napoleonic Wars
  2. Continental blockade
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53
Q

Because of the continental blockade, where did Great Britain get its timber?

A

From Lower Canada

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54
Q

Which bank was created because of the timber trade in 1817?

A

The Bank of Montreal

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55
Q

What new jobs were created because of the timber trade?

A
  1. Lumberjacks
  2. Sawyers
  3. Lod drivers
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56
Q

What were the two new means of transportation put into place because of the timber trade?

A
  1. Canals
  2. Railway
57
Q

Define free trade.

A

Where their is no preferential tariffs and people are free to choose where they buy their goods from.

58
Q

What do the Parti Patriote want?

A

Responsible government. A real democracy.

59
Q

What did Liberals put a great importance on?

A

They put a great importance on fundamental rights and freedoms.

60
Q

What was the aim of the Royal Government of 1763?

A

To assimilate the French -speaking Canadians and to make them British.

61
Q

What was the Treaty of Paris 1763?

A

It put an end to the Seven Years war.

62
Q

Explain the territory according to the Royal Proclamation of 1763.

A

The territory was limited to the St. Lawrence valley.

63
Q

What year was the Québec Act put into place?

A

1774

64
Q

What happened to the territory according to the Constitutional Act of 1791?

A

The territory was divided into Upper and Lower Canada.

65
Q

Explain the population that lived in Upper Canada.

A

They were mainly English-speaking settlers. The majority of them were Loyalists.

66
Q

Explain the laws that were found in Lower Canada.

A

Lower Canada had French civil laws and British criminal laws.

67
Q

Who represented the Tory (conservative) Party?

A

The British merchants (Montrealers)

68
Q

According to the Act of Union of 1840, what happened to the territory?

A

The territory was renamed Canada West and Canada East.

69
Q

What does liberalism mean and what did it do for the people?

A

It means to have rights, freedoms and protection from the abuse of the monarch’s power.

It gave the people things like:

  1. The right to be safe and righ to live
  2. Freedoms (freedoms of expression, your own opinion)
  3. To own private property
70
Q

Which two groups supported political and economic liberalism?

A

Members of the French Canadians and members of English-speaking Canadians

71
Q

Who were the people who wrote numerous petitions to the king?

A

The British merchants

72
Q

What does anticlericalism mean?

A

A current of thought that promotes the separation of the state and church.

73
Q

What replace the fur trade as the main economic activity of the colony?

A

The timber or lumber trade (wood)

74
Q

What economic policy was put into place to protect the economy of the country or empire from foreign competition?

A

Protectionism

75
Q

In 1783, what were the names of the two fur trading companies?

A
  1. Hudson’s Bay Company
  2. Northwest Company
76
Q

After the decline of the fur trade, what was the main occupation of the colony’s population?

A

Agriculture

77
Q

Why did Great Britain slowly stop buying wheat from Lower Canada?

A
  1. Poor soil
  2. Outdated farming techniques
  3. Poor weather conditions
78
Q

What does the exploitation of forests cause?

A
  1. Development of new regions
  2. Create new jobs
  3. Increase the influence of the British merchant class
79
Q

The timber trade was so lucrative, that a bank was created. Identify the name of the bank.

A

The Bank of Montreal

80
Q

What were the names of the jobs created from the timber trade?

A
  1. Lumberjacks
  2. Sawyer
  3. Log drivers
  4. Rafters
81
Q

Who does United Canada have a Reciprocity treaty with?

A

The United States of America

82
Q

What transportation network was used in order to transport merchandise in the early to mid 1800s?

A
  1. Canals
  2. Railroads
  3. Steamboats
83
Q

Afther the Conquest of 1760, what happened to the Catholic Church?

A

After the Conquest, the Church will lose its direct political influence.

84
Q

Why was the clergy in a precarious situation after the Conquest?

A

They were without a leader and no longer had the right to collect the tithe. The British wanted the French to become Protestant.

85
Q

What was the goal of the Royal Proclamation of 1763?

A

The aim of this constitution was to assimilate French-speaking Canadiens and make them British subjects.

86
Q

What laws were inforced after the Conquest of New France?

A

French civil and criminal laws were replaced by English laws.

87
Q

What did a person wishing to be part of the government have to do?

A

In order to become part of the government a person had to perform the Test Act.

88
Q

What is the Test Act?

A

The act of putting your hand on the bible and saying that you are giving up the Catholic faith and that the Pope has no authority.

89
Q

When the first British merchants (Montrealers) arrived in the colony, they made a demand. Identify the demand.

A

The demanded a Legislative Assembly in which FRench Canadiens would be excluded.

90
Q

Why were the British merchants opposed to Governor Murray and Carleton?

A

Because Murray and Carleton were lenient towards the French Canadiens.

91
Q

How does Governor Murray bend the rules in order to avoid a civil war?

A
  1. Murray allows access to administratives posts without having to do the Test Act.
  2. Murray allowes French civil laws but English criminal laws are maintained.
92
Q

Why did Murray want to avoid a civil war?

A

Because 99% of the population was francophone.

93
Q

What means did the British merchants use to influence the governor?

A

They wrote petitions and expressed their opinions in local newspapers.

94
Q

Why did the king of England grant a new constitution in 1774?

A

In order to ensure the loyalty of the French Canadiens in event of war with the 13 British colonies.

95
Q

What was the name of the second constitution?

A

The Québec Act of 1774

96
Q

How did the territory change in the Québec Act of 1774?

A

The constitution caused the expansion of the territory to include the Ohio valley and the Great Lakes.

97
Q

After the American Revolution, who increased the number of English-speaking settlers in Québec?

A

The Loyalists. Approximately 6000 will settle in Québec.

98
Q

Identify the demands made by the Loyalists.

A
  1. They are against French civil laws
  2. They want the removal of the seigneurial system
  3. They want a legislative assembly
  4. They want a territory with no French Canadiens on it
99
Q

What was the goal of the Constitutional Act of 1791?

A

It was an attempt to satisfy the requirements of the Loyalists and to maintain what was given to the Canadiens during the last constitution.

100
Q

What happened to the territory in the Constitutional Act of 1791?

A

The territory was divided into two parts; Lower Canada (St. Lawrence valley and Labrador) for the French-speaking population and Upper Canada (Lake Ontario and Lake Superior) for the English-speaking Loyalists.

101
Q

Name the four constitutions put into place in chronological order.

A
  1. The Royal Proclamation 1763
  2. The Québec Act 1774
  3. The Constitutional Act 1791
  4. The Act of Union 1840
102
Q

Before the Québec Act was put into place, what did the French Canadians needed to do in order to join the administration of the colony?

A

They had to perform the Test Act.

103
Q

What was the main reason the Constitutional Act was put into place?

A

To satisfy the demands made by the Loyalists.

104
Q

According to the Constitutional Act, why was the government considered to be a false demaocracy?

A

The governor had the power of veto, meaning he was able to reject all laws even if the majority of the members of the Legislative Assembly aggreed.

105
Q

Who was the leader of the Parti Patriote?

A

Louis-Joseph Papineau

106
Q

What actions did the Parti Patriote take to haave their demands heard?

A
  1. They wrote petitions to the King
  2. Held public assemblies
  3. Wrote the 92 Resolutions
107
Q

What major change occurred after United Canada was granted responsible government?

A

The governor lost the power of veto, thus having a true democracy.

108
Q

Who mainly made up the members in the Governor’s council?

A

The British merchants

109
Q

Liberalism led to the creation of the Constitutional Monarchy. What is the main difference between an absolute monarchy and a constitutional monarchy?

A

In an absolute monarchy, the king has all the power and his word is law, while in a constitutional monarchy, the power is shared between the king and the people.

110
Q

Define ultramontanism.

A

It is a current of thought that believes that the Church has authority over the State and that the population should submit to the Pope in Rome.

111
Q

Identify the current of thought that was opposed to ultramontanism.

A

Anticlericalism

112
Q

What action did the anticlericalists take?

A

They founded the Institut Canadien de Montréal where people were able to read books that were prohibited by the Church.

113
Q

Which current of thought affirmed the primacy of the spiritual power of the Church over the State?

A

Ultramontanism

114
Q

Who prohibited the population to read books that were in the Index?

A

The Catholic Church

115
Q

In what year was the Bill on Public Education passed?

A

1841

116
Q

Identify the years of the British Rule.

A

1760-1867

117
Q

What year was the Institut Canadien de Montréal founded?

A

1844

118
Q

What current of thought promotes the refusal of the church’s influence over any sphere of life other than religious?

A

Anticlericalism

119
Q

To influence the governor, what did the British merchants do?

A

They wrote petitions and wrote articles in local newspapers.

120
Q

Who has the power of veto?

A

The governor

121
Q

Why did the British merchants write petitions to the king?

A
  1. They were not pleased with the attitudes adopted by the first two governors.
  2. They wanted to have a Legislative Assembly.
122
Q

Why do French Canadians do not identify themsleves to the new mother country?

A

Because they worried about the future of their culture and potential loss of their schools and churches.

123
Q

In 1764, the printing press in the colony allowed the publication of newspapers and brochures. Why was this ivention important?

A

It promoted the dissemination of liberal ideas.

124
Q

What did France give up during the Treaty of Paris of 1763?

A

France gave up all territories in North America except for two small islands (St. Pierre et Miquelon).

125
Q

Identify demands made by the Loyalists.

A
  1. The removal of French civil laws
  2. A territory just for them
  3. A Legislative Assembly
  4. Removal of the seigneurial system
126
Q

What is the role of the Executive Council?

A

Their role is to make sure that all understand the new laws of the colony. They put the new law in effect.

127
Q

Why was ther conflict between the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council?

A

The Legislative wanted to help the people it represented while the governor and the two councils only wanted to make profits.

128
Q

When was the American Revolution?

A

1776

129
Q

What was one way people expressed themselves in the rise of liberalism?

A

By writing petitions and in newspapers

130
Q

What was the Index?

A

A list of books the Catholic Church banned from reading.

131
Q

What ended the Seven Years War in 1763?

A

The signing of the Treaty of Paris

132
Q

What was the purpose of the Royal Proclamation?

A

The aim was to assimilate the French Canadiens.

133
Q

Why did the British merchants oppose governor James Murray and Guy Carleton?

A

They didn’t like the way they were lenient to the French Canadians.

134
Q

What effect did the American Revolution have on population and settlement?

A

It caused the arrival of the Loyalists.

135
Q

What was the goal of the Constitutional Act of 1791?

A

To satisfy the demands of the Loyalists and the French Canadians

136
Q

Who arrived in the colony at the end of the 18th century?

A

Loyalists

137
Q

Define the power of veto.

A

A person can make a decision without giving a reason.

138
Q

What occurred in 1848?

A

United Canada was granted responsible government

139
Q

What did the timver trade do for our economy?

A
  1. It created new jobs
  2. Increased the population (arrival of immigrants)
  3. Banks were created (Bank of Montreal)
  4. Allowed for the development of the transportation system (canals and railways)
140
Q

What was the role of the Legislative Assembly?

A
  1. To pass laws
  2. To control the budget

History 414 (4 decks)

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