british controll in eygpt Flashcards
when did britan take over egypt
1882 as a client state
what empire previously ruled egypt and how
ottoman
began in 1517
largely independent as they had their own khedive
what did muhammad ali pasha do to egypt
modernised the government
reformed army
increased revenue
what were global opinions of muhammad ali pasha
the british supported the ottoman empire in constraining his nationalist ambitions
who took over muhammad ali pasha and when
ismail pasha
1863
what did ismail pasha do to egypt
reformed it
new conscription based army
new hospitals and med schools with western ideas
transformed agriculture prioritising cash crops
built suez canal 1869
what was the result of ismails reforms
egypt went bankrupt
in debt over £100 million and high interest rates of 7.5-10%
what effect did egypts bankruptcy have on the suez canal and ismail
egypts shares fell under european economic control
ismail removed from office 4 years after
what’s the importance of the suez canal
shaved of 5000 miles on the route to india
makes trip less difficult/dangerous
faster to send reinforcements/messages
allowed more frequent trade
less uses of resources
easier to transport perishable goods
when did building on the canal begin
1859
how many egyptians died building the canal
120,000
when did the canal open
1869
what to seas did the canal connect
medetrainian and red sea
what percentage of canal shared did britan buy and who bought them
44%
PM disraeli in 1875
how does the PM buy the canal shares
by taking out a secret loan from the rothschild family without consent
this then dominated british foreign policy
who first came up with the idea to build the canal
french man ferdinand de lesseps in 1954
he set up a. company in 1858 and was set to run for 99 years
what impact did the canal have on britan
british lost profits
what happens to egyptian european loans in 1876
egypt defaults on loans and is pressured by creditors to accept external influences
what was the caisse de la dette
public debt commission 1876
the commission had control over finances directed by british, french, italian, austrian and russia
egypt needed permission to spend
what two figures were appointed to help with egyptian finance
briton as minister of finance
frenchman as minister of public works
what happens to ismail pasha in 1879
ottomans and british depose him and he’s replaced with his son
tewfik pasha
how did the british deal with economic issues in egypt and what did this lead to
food taxes
army reduced by 2/3rd
some nationalists allowed in gov
led to nationalist revolts led by colonel arabi pasha 1879-1882
how did PM glad stone deal with revolts in 1879-82
he tried to get french support for an invasion but it fails
what happens in 1882 and what was the british response
50 europeans killed in alexandria
british naval froces sent and they defeat arabis in less than 1 hour
when was the convention of london and what did it secure
1885
secured british influence
how did khedive tewfik rule later
as a pupet
what’s a consul general and who was it
major evelyn boring
highest british rank overseas
how was egypt ruled until 1922
as a ‘veiled protectorate’
how long had egypt owned sudan
since 1824
what was the consequence of britan owning egypt in turms of sudan
they also controlled sudan
who was sent as governor general of sudan
general gordon
who was general gordon
sent by the british to act as governor general of sudan 1877-85
who declares themselves as mahdi and when
muhammad ahmad
1881
what did muhammad ahmad form
a jihadist army of shi’ites against repressive egyptian/british rule
what’s a jihadist
a person fighting in a holy war
what happened in 1882 to the capital of sudan
khatoum is surrounded
colonel william hicks is killed
when is general gordon told to evacuate and what does he do instead
1883
he refuses
what happened to garrison in 1885
he was overrun and killed
and gordon was beheaded
what happens to the legacy of general gordon
gordon becomes a martyr for british imperialism
what happens to gladstone after gordon’s death
he’s condemned for his reluctance twords imperialism and resigned
the liberals then lost the next election in 1886
his known as GOM (grand old man) to MOG (murderer of gordon)
what happens to sudan after the death of gordon
an unofficial mahdist state was created and sudan wasn’t retaken until 1896
what were the successes and failure of british control in egypt and sudan
-gained corntrol in e 1882 and s 1896
-suez canal and faster trading
-cotton and linin production
failures- sudan beet britan 1885
-technically under ottoman control
what were british aims in egypt and sudan
control of suez canal
cotton and linin trade
