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History > Britian 1990-97 (KO) > Flashcards

Britian 1990-97 (KO) Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the key events of 1990?

A
  • Poll tax crisis
  • UK joins ERM
  • Howe’s resignation
  • Thatcher resigns and Major becomes prime minister
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2
Q

When was the citizens charter?

A

1991

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3
Q

When did coalition forces liberate Kuwait?

A

1991

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4
Q

When did the UK withdraw from the ERM?

A

1992

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5
Q

When was the Maastricht Treaty?

A

1992

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6
Q

When was the Euro-rebellion and ratification of the Maastricht Treaty?

A

1993

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7
Q

When did Blair become Labour Party leader?

A

1994

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8
Q

When did Major win party leadership election?

A

1995

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9
Q

When was NATO intervention in Bosnia

A

1995

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10
Q

When was the Labour election victory?

A

1997

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11
Q

Who were the Euro-sceptics? Who were the Euro-rebels?

A

1) Those who thought closer European integration would not serve Britain’s best interests.
2) Conservatives MPs led by Bill Cash who fought against the ratification of the Maastricht treaty (supported by Euro-Sceptics)

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12
Q

What is a subsidiarity?

A

The principle that in matters of special concern to a particular member state, they could ignore EC decisions.

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13
Q

What is decommissioning?

A

The giving up of weapons

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14
Q

What was Cash for questions?

A

When, in return for payment, Conservative MPs asked questions in the commons with the intention of promoting particular commercial interests.

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15
Q

What was the Social Chapter?

A

The part of the Maastricht Treaty which committed EU member states to introducing extensive welfare schemes.

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16
Q

When was Major’s ‘back to basics’ speech?

A

1993

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17
Q

What factors contributed to the 1992 election loss for Labour?

A
  • The Labour Party’s ‘razzmatazz style’ campaign.
  • Labour’s shadow budget - suggested increased taxes.
  • Major literally got on a soap-box to suggest the Conservatives should be trusted with the economy.
  • The sun switched its support from Labour to Conservative.
18
Q

How many seats did the Conservatives get in the 1992 election?

A

336

19
Q

What did Major achieve in Kuwait? What made this even more successful?

A
  • He cooperated with the US to create an invasion force, which in 1991 ended the illegal occupation of Kuwait by Hussein.
  • He did this within UN regulations.
  • He kept opposition leaders, Kinnock and Ashdown, informed.
20
Q

What was the Maastricht Treaty in this period?

A
  • A treaty involving full European integration, single European currency and European Central Bank.
21
Q

What happened in Bosnia in this period?

A
  • Britain contributed to a massive set of NATO attacks on Serbian forces.
  • ‘Operation deliberate force’
  • 3500 sorties flown - Serbians decided to negotiate
  • Major was a signatory of the following Dayton Peace Agreement (keeping fighting to certain areas)
22
Q

What was the Mitchell report? Why was this good of Major?

A
  • A report by Senator Mitchell which suggested that decommissioning was the only way forward.
  • Generous acceptance of American aid - example of his diplomacy.
  • 1996
23
Q

What IRA action happened in this period? (Close to Major). What was the public response?

A
  • An IRA mortar bomb attack on No.10 Downing Street - followed by a sustained bombing campaign in England.
  • Peace rallies in London, Belfast, and Dublin.
24
Q

What was the Taoiseach of Northern Ireland at this time? What was his relationship with Major?

A
  • Albert Reynolds
  • They had very similar characters, both looking for peace.
25
Q

What did the Downing Street Declaration aim for?

A
  • Remove Westminsters influence.
  • If a democratic decision was made, the South should drop its claim that the North was part of them.
26
Q

When did the IRA declare a ceasefire? Was it kept to?

A
  • 1994
  • very fragile, frequent outbursts of violence
27
Q

What was the unrealistically high rate we joined the ERM at in 1990? What did this lead to?

A

DM2.95 - exports became overpriced

28
Q

What happened in 1992 with the ERM? What were interest rate raised to?

A
  • Black Wednesday
  • 10% then 15%
29
Q

What needed to happen to the Maastricht treaty after signing to make it binding? What coinciding event made this problematic?

A
  • Ratification by parliament
  • The ERM crisis
30
Q

How did Major get the Maastricht bill passed?

A

He attached it to a vote of no confidence, and so it was forced through as the Euro-rebels did not want to bring down government and lose their jobs.

31
Q

What were the results of Majors leadership contest? Why did he call it?

A

He defeated Redwood 218 to 89 - but with 22 abstentions it showed over 100 members were not fully committed to him as a leader.

32
Q

Who were the Euro-sceptics it was assumed Major was referring to as ‘bastards’?

A

Lilley, Portillo, Redwood, Howard

33
Q

What was some of the most damaging ‘Sleaze’ of this period?

A
  • ‘Cash for questions’
  • Milligans hanging himself
  • Arms-to-Iraq
  • Resignation of Tim Yeo
34
Q

What was the Cash-for-Questions Affair?

A

1994 - The Guardian newspaper alleged that Conservatives members of parliament had taken bribes to ask specific parliamentary questions on behalf of the owner of Harrods.

35
Q

What was the resignation of Tim Yeo scandal?

A

Yeo was forced to resign after news of his ‘love-child’ with a councillor emerged - three years prior he had announced to his constituency how it was in everyone’s interests to reduce broken families.

36
Q

What was the arms-to-Iraq scandal?

A

Members of a British company were put on trial for supplying equipment to Iraq, however this collapsed when it was revealed that the company had been advised by the government on how to sell arms to Iraq.

37
Q

What happened with Milligan’s hanging?

A

Promising young Tory MP Milligan was found having accidentally strangled himself to death in some sort of sexual act.

38
Q

What were the conservative handicaps in the 1992 election? (Briefly)

A
  • divisions over Europe
  • ERM criss
  • squabbles over the ratification of Maastricht treaty
  • Major’s uninspiring leadership
  • loss of all by-elections since 1990
  • small majority - reliant on Ulster Unionists
  • Sleaze
  • Delayed reaction to Thatcherism
39
Q

What were reasons for the Labour 1997 victory?

A
  • Use of spin doctors
  • electoral imbalance
  • John Smith had modernised the party, e.g. removing trade union block vote.
  • Blair represented ‘cool Britannia’
40
Q

What is a key quote from Majors back to basics speech?

A

‘It is time to return to those old core values, time to get back to basics’

History (20 decks)

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