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History > 1997-2007 (KO) > Flashcards

1997-2007 (KO) Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the slogan ‘New Labour‘?

A

Used for the 1994 Labour Party conference, became the name for the party from then onwards.

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2
Q

What were ‘life peers’?

A

Members of the House of Lords who were appointed to their positions, not inheriting them

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3
Q

What is a savings ratio?

A

The annual percentage of an individual’s income saved rather than spent.

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4
Q

What is a client state?

A

A society in which significant numbers of the population work for the government

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5
Q

Who were the WTO?

A

The world trade organisation, an international body monitoring the negotiation of trade agreements between countries

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6
Q

What was New Labour’s ‘Third way’?

A

Suggestion of creating balance between left and right extremes

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7
Q

What is the Eurozone?

A

Countries that gave up their national currencies for the Euro

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8
Q

Who was responsible for 9/11?

A

Al-Qaeda

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9
Q

What is the JIC?

A
  • Joint intelligence committee
  • Government body responsible for providing ministers with national security information
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10
Q

Who are the Jihadists?

A

Self-proclaimed warriors in the defence of their version of Islam

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11
Q

When was Labour’s election victory?

A

1997

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12
Q

When was the Good Friday agreement

A

1998

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13
Q

When was NATO intervention in Kosovo?

A

1999

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14
Q

When did Britain sell off half its gold reserves?

A

1999

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15
Q

When was Blair’s third way speech?

A

2000

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16
Q

When did Labour win their second successive election?

A

2001

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17
Q

When was 9/11?

A

2001

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18
Q

When was the euro adopted by the EU?

A

2002

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19
Q

When did Blair argue for reform of CAP

A

2004

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20
Q

When was the treaty of Rome?

A

2004

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21
Q

When was the treaty of Rome?

A

2004

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22
Q

When did Labour win their third successive election?

A

2005

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23
Q

When were the 7/7 London bombings?

A

2005

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24
Q

When was the St Andrews Agreement?

A

2006

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25
Q

When did Blair concede over rebate and CAP reform?

A

2006

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26
Q

When is the Treaty of Lisbon?

A

2007

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27
Q

When does Brown become PM?

A

2007

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28
Q

When was the Northern Ireland Executive formed?

A

2007

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29
Q

How many seats did Labour win in the 1997 election?

A

418

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30
Q

How many seats did Labour win in the 2001 election?

A

413

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31
Q

How many seats did Labour win in the 2005 election?

A

356

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32
Q

What is the election analysis for the Labour victory in the 2001 election?

A
  • Blair’s continued personal popularity with voters
  • Hague’s inability to present himself as a good alternative.
  • Blair’s NI success
  • Trust in Brown as a prudent chancellor
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33
Q

What is the election analysis for the 2005 election?

A
  • Blair still the outstanding choice despite Iraq
  • Conservatives had supported Iraq so couldn’t win on that point
  • Knowledge of economic difficulties had not yet emerged
  • Blairs spin doctors
  • Conservative flop - three different leaders in two years, Howard’s bad choice of issues to fight the campaign on.
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34
Q

What were five key elements of New Labour’s policy?

A
  • no longer pursue class based - policy
  • appeal to the middle classes and business world
  • abandon Clause IV (nationalisation)
  • Maintain legal restrictions on trade unions
  • Accept some elements of Thatcherism
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35
Q

What were four key elements of New Labour’s progressive image?

A
  • Cool Britannia
  • Women MPs (Blair’s babes)
  • Inclusiveness, suggesting a society with no ‘social exclusion’
  • Stakeholder society - state protected pensions
36
Q

What was Blairs view on Europe?

A

Deeply committed, wanted Britain at its heart.

37
Q

What was the problem with the veto and Europe for Blair?

A
  • Adopted of majority voting (dropping veto) left Britain isolated.
  • Europe just wanted Britain to conform - did not want Blair’s ‘third way’
38
Q

What happened with Britain and the Euro under Blair?

A
  • Declined to join eurozone in 2002.
  • Brown had stated five economic tests had to be met first and they weren’t.
39
Q

What was the problem with Britain’s budgetary contribution with EU?

A
  • Disproportionately large, so Blair tried to negotiate retention of Britain’s rebate.
  • 2006 Blair gives up on the rebate issue.
40
Q

What was the issue with the CAP policy and the EU?

A
  • Britain was a net loser and Blair could not get reform.
  • UK received 9% compared to France’s 22%.
41
Q

How many directives (from the EU) did Britain accept without debate in 2006?

A

3000

42
Q

Why did the British government not grant a referendum on the European constitution? What was this constitution contained in?

A
  • It had not been successful in France and Denmark.
  • 2004 Rome Treaty
43
Q

What was the second treaty the government refused to hold a referendum on?

A

The Lisbon Treaty

44
Q

What were the two key elements of New Labour economic policy (1997-2001)? How were these achieved?

A
  • Limited government spending -> Labour kept within the spending plan set out by the Conservatives.
  • Anti-inflationary -> the Bank of England given the authority to set interest rates.
45
Q

What were four points of continuity between new Labour and Thatcherism?

A
  • Insistence on accountability in public services
  • Little effort to undo privatisation
  • Maintained restrictions on trade unions
  • Same industrial polices
46
Q

What did new Labour constitutional do with devolution?

A
  • Labour had made a commitment to devolution in its election manifesto
  • Honoured this by created the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly in 1998
47
Q

What did Labour do with the House of Lords? How was this received?

A
  • They had pledged reform by removing hereditary peers.
  • They were criticised for packing it with their own appointees.
48
Q

What new role did Labour create in London? Who was appointed and when?

A
  • The Mayor of London
  • Ken Livingstone appointed in 2000 (slightly controversial)!
49
Q

What was Labour’s new deal?

A

Improved social policies for welfare

50
Q

What was the WFA part of the new deal?

A

Winter Fuel allowance (1997) - universal payment of £100 for senior citizens

51
Q

What was the NMWA part of the new deal?

A

National minimum wage act 1998 - £4.85 minimum hourly wage established.

52
Q

What was the HRA part of the new deal?

A

Human Rights Act 1998 - aims to create a balance between powers of state and freedom of the individual.

53
Q

What was the JA part of the new deal? How many claims did it have?

A

Jobseeker’s Allowance 1998 - 2.5 million between 2003 - 2008.

54
Q

What was the FOIA part of the new deal?

A

Freedom of Information Act 2000 - public authorities had to grant ‘right of access’ to the information they held.

55
Q

What was the WFTCACTC part of the new deal?

A

Working families tax credit and child tax credit 1998 - aimed to reduce child poverty (but also criticised for creating a dependency culture)

56
Q

Who were the four Conservative leaders from 1997-2007?

A
  • William Hague
  • Iain Duncan Smith
  • Michael Howard
  • David Cameron
57
Q

What stopped Hague, Smith, and Howard from posing any threat to Labour? How did Cameron change this?

A
  • They failed to make any impact on the public.
  • Cameron wanted to be more Blairite than Blair - no new policy, only Labour but better (apparently).
58
Q

How was the Special Relationship furthered in this period?

A

Blair joined the USA to impose sanctions on Hussein to open his country to weapons inspections

59
Q

How did New Labour feel about Europe?

A

Besties! Loved the social chapter vibes! Cute moment for workers.

60
Q

What did critics of Blair say about the impact of his New Deal?

A

The gap between the rich and the poor had widened and that it was increasing dependency.

61
Q

What were five acts extending the New Deal?

A
  • Police reform Act (create greater sense of community)
  • Repeal of section 28 (remove stigma on homosexuality)
  • Civil Partnership Act
  • Gender Recognition Act
  • Employment Act (workers rights)
62
Q

What was economic policy on spending from 2001? What was the result?

A

Prudence gave way to high public spending - inflation went from 2.4% in 1997 to 4.8% in 2007.

63
Q

What was economic policy on pensions from 2001?

A

Government raid on pension funds - £8billion fall in pension values + savings ration falls from 9.7% in 1997 to 3.7% in 2007.

64
Q

What was policy on employment? What were three results?

A
  • 2.5 million more in work by 2007 than in 1997.
  • 5.4 million still living on unemployment benefit.
  • 37% of increase in jobs were in the unproductive public sector -> client state.
65
Q

What was policy on borrowing from 2001? What were three results?

A
  • borrow to fund expansion of public services
  • Cost of services outran revenue returns leading to increased borrowing.
  • Encouraged a consumer credit boom.
  • Britain did poorly in the economic downturn in 2007.
66
Q

What was Labour policy on Gold? What was the result?

A
  • To sell off half of Britain’s gold reserves as prices were falling
  • recovery of the gold market mean we made a heavy loss of £3billion - poor old Brown nicknamed ‘Golden Brown’ by tabloids (yikes!)
67
Q

When was the Good Friday Agreement?

A

April 1998

68
Q

What were three key elements of the Good Friday agreement?

A
  • NI union with Britain is guaranteed.
  • Republic of Ireland withdraws territorial claim to NI.
  • NI assembly created.
69
Q

What three terrorist event drove people to try and find a political solution?

A
  • Omagh bombing
  • 9/11
  • 7/7
70
Q

When did the IRA accept decommissioning? When did the UVF do the same?

A

2005 and 2006

71
Q

What and when was the St Andrew’s Agreement?

A
  • The DUP agree to share power with republicans and nationalists, and Sinn Fein accepted authority of NI police.
  • Elections to be held in 2007.
  • October 2006
72
Q

When was the NI executive formed? What did it entail?

A
  • May 2007
  • British army withdraw from NI, and power-sharing all party executive is formed
73
Q

What phenomenon occurred with the British population in this period? What problem did this cause?

A
  • Increased size and distribution due to natural increase and immigration
  • Ageing population caused increased demands on diminished revenue sources
74
Q

What issues did the increased multiculturalism of this period cause?

A

Segregation and racism, with extremism and religious tensions, along which challenges to liberal values from some groups.

75
Q

What extra-parliamentary groups grew in this period? What problem did this cause?

A
  • Environmentalists and deniers
  • Extremist groups
  • Focus groups
  • created pressure from authoritarian lobbies, resulting in democratic deficit
76
Q

What social values declined in this period? What problems did this cause?

A
  • traditional religion, scepticism about policy, parliament tainted by corruption.
  • less ordered society with dispute over education and people isolated from parliament, along with low public standards.
77
Q

When was 9/11? What happened?

A
  • 11 September 2001
  • USA subjected to deadly terror attack by Al-Qaeda, where commercial planed were hijacked and struck the twin towers - over 3000 died.
78
Q

What was the Blair Doctrine?

A

Blair’s expression of his sense of mission to fight against tyranny - predated 9/11 but intensified after.

79
Q

What was the ‘dodgy dossier’?

A

Information from the JIC suggesting Iraq had WMD which had the capacity to strike Britain within 45 minutes.

80
Q

What was controversial about Britain invading Iraq with the USA in 2003? What was the public response?

A

They had bypassed the UN to do so - mass protest, and foreign secretary resigns.

81
Q

What were the 7/7 bombings? How many died?

A

Four coordinated bombing attacks on the London tube system, killing 56

82
Q

What was the issue once Hussein had been toppled?

A

Although the Iraqis celebrated, there was little plan of what to do post war.

83
Q

What was the name of the man who committed suicide over the dodgy dossier?

A

David Kelly

84
Q

What had Kelly confided to a journalist?

A

That the government had exaggerated the issue to justify the war

85
Q

What inquiry investigated the government for responsibility for Kelly’s death?

A

The Hutton Inquiry

History (20 decks)

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