bristol Flashcards
Bristol location and facts
-on the river Avon near its confluence with the river Severn
-linked to Wales by 2 large bridges across the Severn Estuary
-190km west of London, linked by the M4
-population of 649000
-highest rate of pop. increase of the ten core cities
-largest city in SW
bristol opportunities for development
-education
(2 universities)
-religion
(a mix, mosques, 2 cathedrals)
-culture and entertainment
(theatres and music venues- the famous Bristol Old Vic theatre, home to the animators who created Wallace and Gromit)
-industry
(world-leading silicon chip design industry)
-tourism
(UK’s 7th most popular city for foreign visitors (630,000 in 2019) attractions include the ship SS Great Britain and Bristol Zoo)
Why is Bristol important internationally?
- position on the M4 corridor with easy access to London and rail+ ferry services to Europe
- Bristol airport links to major European centres and USA
- change in dependence on traditional industry of tobacco and paper to development of global industries (financial + business services, defence, aerospace, technology, culture and media)
- high level of inward investment (FDI, manufacturing, finance, high-tech business)
- Bristol university attracts students from all over the world, producing graduates who go professional
impact of migration on bristol
- until 2015, migration from abroad made up about half of Bristol’s population growth
- 15% of pop. wasn’t born in the UK
migrants have:
-enriched the culture ( African and Afro-American, St Paul’s carnival attracts 40,000 each year)
-part of hard-working and motivated workforce (employed in retail, hospitality, manufacturing, health, construction, transport)
-improved level of skills where there are shortages
-contribute to local and national economy
-mainly young migrants balance ageing pop.
-challenge of integration into wider community
-need to provide education for children whose first language is not English
social opps in bristol
Cultural mix!
-art (banksy, graffiti)
-festivals (balloon fiesta, bristol harbour festival)
-museums (aerospace, SS Great Britain)
-food (diversity lead to diversity in food (thai, malaysian, japanese, polish, caribbean))
-music (youthful pop. contributed to vibrant + underground scene- Bristol Beacon has rock, jazz, fold, classical concerts)
Recreation!
-Ashton court, clifton downs- walking, cycling, picnics
-St Jude’s green space
-river avon- fishing, walking, nature watching, boating
Entertainment!
theatre- bristol old vic, bristol hippodrome, tobacco factory stage plays, opera, musical theatre
sport- city and rovers, rugby-bristol bears, 28 leisure centres/swimming pools across the city
shopping- out of town- cribbs causeway, centre- cabot circus
Bristol: Europe’s green capital
2015
plans to be carbon neutral by 2030
Integrated transport system!
-received 11.4 million to construct cycle lanes
-roads congested due to growth in pop. and development - 20,000 ppl commute by car to Bristol daily, increasing carbon emissions, reducing air quality
-ITS links metrobus, rail, cycle routeways- connects suburban areas to retail parks, motorway junctions, railway stations, unis
Bristol’s urban greening
- increasing need to create green spaces for leisure and health
- planting trees, public parks, community gardens
- reduce pollution, absorbs water to reduce flood risk, wildlife habitats, carbon sink
- one third of Bristol is open space
- 90% live within 350 m of parkland/waterways
urban challenges in Bristol resulting from urban change
Deprivation
- community deprived of services (poor quality housing, low incomes, high pop. densities, congested roads, few shops/parks , high crime/unemployment rates)
- 15% of Bristol’s residents are in deprivation
- affects southern areas (hartcliffe and withywood, filwood)
Inequalities in housing
- surge in demand has seen house prices rise up to 50%
- shortage of housing
in 2020, 13,000 families were on the council waiting list to be rehoused - high proportion of homeless/temporary accommodation
- large number of students increased pressure on housing
Filwood-
life expectancy- 78
36% got high grades GCSE
Stokes Bishop-
life expectancy- 83
94% got high grades GCSE
Education
- children in deprived areas have low levels of attainment , high entitlement to free school meals
- rates of under-achievement are high in ethnic children especially when english isnt spoken at home
Health
- wealth inequalities (hartcliffe and withywood, filwood have lower than average levels of good health and life expectancy, higher levels of premature mortality and obesity + smoking)
- clifton and redland (wealthier) experience good levels
Employment
- 77% rate, one of the highest in UK
- high levels of unemployment in lawrence hill, whitchurch park and filwood- low levels of educational attainment, lack skills for employment
Bristol’s environmental challenges
Dereliction
- development of post-industrial economy based on high-tech has left warehouses and historic buildings abandoned, derelict and polluted
- mainly in city centre (stokes croft) deindustrialisation led to empty houses occupied by squatters, area with antisocial behaviour
- port was moved downstream to avonsmouth to accommodate larger container ships
- Finzels reach redeveloped
brownfield/greenfield land
- Brownfield has already been built upon
- (costly in preparing for redevelopment, clearing waste, decontaminating polluted land, constructing modern infrastructure)
- Finzels reach is redeveloped brownfield, now flourishing waterfront area, offices, shops, restaurants, apartments
- Greenfield sites has never been built upon
- edge of urban areas
require less groundwork, obtaining planning permission may take years - Bradley Stoke north of Bristol- new housing, objections from locals and environmentalists
Waste disposal
- pop. growing 1% each year
- landfill sites are in short supply, emit greenhouse gases
- 140,000 tonnes of rubbish annually
- mechanical biological treatment plant at avonsmouth- food waste converted to biogas and generates electricity
How has Bristol’s urban change led to urban sprawl?
Bristol needs new housing because of:
- growing population
- demolition of older slums
- council homes built in south
- bradley stoke to the north
- shortage of affordable housing in centre
- competition for centre brownfield sites cause prices to rise
- improvement in transport enable ppl to commute to centre
- ppl wish to live in less polluted, quieter, semi-rural areas
- green belt covers extensive area around bristol in which new developments have strict planning regulations
- commuter settlements in rural-urban fringe
urban regeneration in Bristol
Temple quarter
- needed regeneration because it was very run down, former industrial area, gave bad impression to visitors arriving from south
- consisted of old industrial buildings, temple meads railway station
How was it regenerated?
- improvements to railway station access
- improved road layout
- new bridge across River Avon gives access to arena
- Enterprise Zone status offers incentives to new businesses
- Temple studios- technical enterprises
- engine shed- renovated historic building home to high-tech, creative, low-carbon companies
- glass wharf office development
