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Physiology > Breeding Behavior, Pregnancy, Maternal Recognition > Flashcards

Breeding Behavior, Pregnancy, Maternal Recognition Flashcards

1
Q

Process of erection

A
  • arterial blood fills sinusoids
  • venous outflow is restricted via ischiocavernosis contraction
  • pressure builds in corpus cavernosum
  • retractor penis muscle relaxes
  • erection and protrusion occur
  • nitric oxide initiates cascade = erection
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2
Q

Erection is under ________ control

A

Parasympathetic

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3
Q

Ejaculation

A

Propulsive discharge of semen from the penis

- stimulation of glans penis

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4
Q

Ejaculation is under _____ control

A

Sympathetic

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5
Q

Contraction of what muscles leads to ejaculation?

A
  • urethralis
  • bulbospongiosus
  • ischiocavernosus
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6
Q

What causes retrograde ejaculation?

A

Where sperm goes into the bladder

  • could be an issue with the nervous system
  • uncoordination among the muscles
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7
Q

Ram mating

A
  • duration of copulation: 1-2 sec
  • volume of ejaculate: .8-1 ml
  • semen deposition: external cervix
  • # of ejaculations: 10
  • max # to exhaustion: 30-40
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8
Q

Bull mating

A
  • duration of copulation: 1-3 sec
  • volume of ejaculate: 3-5 ml
  • semen deposition: fornix vagina
  • # of ejaculations: 20
  • max #: 60-80
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9
Q

Stallion mating

A
  • duration of copulation: 20-6 sec
  • volume of ejaculate: 75-120 ml
  • semen deposition: external cervical os, enters uterus at high pressure
  • # of ejaculations: 3
  • max #: 20
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10
Q

Boar mating

A
  • duration of copulation: 5-20 min
  • volume: 200-250 ml
  • semen deposition: cervix/uterus
  • # of ejaculations: 3
  • max #: 8
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11
Q

Cranial vagina

A
  • bull
  • ram
  • buck
  • dog
  • tom
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12
Q

Intra cervical

A
  • boar
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13
Q

Intra uterine

A
  • stallion

- alpaca

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14
Q

Artificial insemination

A
  • intra uterine deposition
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15
Q

What are the 3 stages of sperm transport?

A
  • short, rapid transport (2-10 min)
  • colonization of reserviors (cervix and UTJ)
  • slow, prolonged release of sperm cells
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16
Q

Fertilization occurs when

A

A minimum number of sperm cells reach the site of fertilization

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17
Q

Can one sperm make it to the ovary on its own?

A

No

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18
Q

Influence of estrogen causes the female tract to have

A

Elevated tone and motility

- prostaglandins in semen have same effect

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19
Q

Rapid phase

A

Sperm reach oviduct in a few minutes

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20
Q

Sustained phase

A

Sperm reside at ostium and slowly enter oviduct

- sperm reservoir

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21
Q

Colonization of reservoirs

A

Huge numbers of sperm are trapped in folds of the cervix

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22
Q

What directs sperm toward the cervical crypts?

A

Cervical mucus

- under influence of estrogen

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23
Q

Reservoir is located at the uterine-tubular junction for species that ejaculate into _______

A

Uterine horns

24
Q

Fate of sperm cells

A

Almost all sperm cells are lost from the tract shortly after breeding

  • 60% are lost after AI
  • 0.007% of sperm cells reach site of fertilization
25
Q

_______ remove many sperm cells after breeding

A

Neutrophils

26
Q

Capacitation

A

Final maturation process which allows sperm to fertilize the ovum

  • occurs in female repro tract (specific site varies)
  • physiological and biochemical
  • is reversible
27
Q

Sperm must undergo changes that are required, prior to

A

Penetration of the ovum

- phospholipid bilayer is altered, permitting acrosome reaction to occur

28
Q

Seminal plasma

A

Coats sperm with proteins that are stripped away when in the female tract

  • sperm is coated prior to ejaculation
  • allows sperm to bind to the zona
29
Q

Capacitation prevents

A

Premature acrosome activation until sperm are at the site of fertilization

30
Q

What products can induce capacitation?

A

Heparin

31
Q

Seminal plasma contains a ________

A

Decapacitation factor

32
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

Occurs in presence of oocyte

- orderly fusion of sperms’ plasma membrane and outer acrosomal membrane

33
Q

Acrosome reaction allows sperm to

A

Penetrate and digest its way thru the zona of the oocyte

- exposes equatorial segment for later fusion with plasma membrane of oocyte

34
Q

Acrosome reaction tests

A

Documents efficiency

35
Q

What are the 2 prerequisites for oocyte penetration?

A
  • capacitation

- acrosome reaction

36
Q

Oocyte is activated by

A

Fusion with the sperm

  • meiosis that was arreted in metaphase 2 is resumed
  • cortical granules are released, mediating polyspermy prevention
37
Q

Polyploid nucleus

A

Fertilization of oocyte by more than one sperm

= death

38
Q

Zona block

A

Zona undergoes biochemical changes that prevent other sperm from penetrating the zona
- first mechanism to prevent polyspermy

39
Q

Vitelline block

A

Prevents oocyte plasma membrane from fusing with more sperm

- 2nd mechanism to prevent polyspermy

40
Q

Syngamy

A

Fusion of male and female pronuclei at time of fertilization

41
Q

Embryo

A

Organism in early stages of development

- cannot be distinguished

42
Q

Fetus

A

Developing offspring that is still within the uterus

- recognizable as a specific specie

43
Q

Early embrogenesis occurs in the

A

Oviduct

44
Q

How do medications prevent pregnancy?

A

Delay movement of embryo

45
Q

An oocyte after fertilization is called a

A

Ootid –> zygote –> 2 celled stage –> 4 cell –> 8 cell –> morula –> crosses UTJ –> early blastocyst –> hatching blastocyst –> hatched blastocyst

46
Q

_____ must be prevented for early embryo to survive

A

Luteolysis

- destruction of the corpus luteum

47
Q

High ____ levels must be maintained to maintain pregnancy

A

Progesterone

48
Q

How does the conceptus prevent luteolysis?

A

Signals its presence in the uterus

- if signal is inadequate or mistimed, MRP will not occur and luteolysis will occur

49
Q

If no embryo is present _____

A

No maternal recognition factor –> oxytocin is released from CL –> binds oxytocin receptors on endometrium and stimulates PGF2a release = corpus luteum is lysed and a new cycle begins

50
Q

Process in the ewe, doe, and cow

A

Blastocyst produces interferon tau from day 13-21 after ovulation –> IFN-tau binds to endometrium and inhibits oxytocin receptor synthesis –> pregnancy is maintained

51
Q

PGF2a production is dependent on

A

Threshold number of oxytocin receptors being present

52
Q

Process in the sow

A

Conceptus produces estradiol as signal for MRP –> E2 is produced at day 11 –> PGF2a is rerouted toward uterine lumen –> luminal PGF2a has no access to circulation, preventing luteolysis

53
Q

A sow must have _____ in each horn for pregnancy to be maintained

A

2 conceptuses

54
Q

Process in the mare

A

Presence of conceptus between days 12-14 prevents luteolysis

- conceptus must migrate often to signal presence (is spherical, just rolls around)

55
Q

Process in dog and cat

A

Obligatory diestrus period after ovulation that lasts as long/longer than gestation

  • CL of pregnancy and CL of normal cycle have similar lengths
  • P4 has no use as a pregnancy test in dogs/cats

Physiology (33 decks)

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