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Health Across the Lifespan 2 > Breasts / Abdomen > Flashcards

Breasts / Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What are you inspecting in a breast examination?

A
  • dimpling
  • retraction
  • colour changes
  • swelling
  • breast tissue/areola/nipple
  • for most people, the breasts will be slightly asymmetrical
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2
Q

What are the three methods for making skin retraction of the breasts more obvious?

A
  • hands above head
  • pressing hands together
  • pressing hands into hips
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3
Q

What are you palpating in a breast examination?

A
  • lymph nodes in axilla
  • masses, tenderness
  • palpation may increase discharge from the nipple
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4
Q

lifetime considerations of the breasts for infants

A

newborns often have breast engorgement and nipple discharge.
superfluous nipples may be associated with renal conditions

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5
Q

lifetime considerations of the breasts for children

A

female breast development starts around 9 - 13 years of age

minor gynocomastia may happen during puberty for males.

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6
Q

lifetime considerations of the breasts for older adults

A

breasts lose firmness and shape

lump detection often easier due to less dense tissue

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7
Q

What are the 4 quadrants?

A

Right Upper Quadrant
Left Upper Quadrant
Right Lower Quadrant
Left Lower

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8
Q

organs in the right upper quadrant?

A
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Duodenum
  • head of pancreas
  • right adrenal gland
  • upper lobe of right kidney
  • section of ascending colon
  • section of transverse colon
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9
Q

What are the 9 regions?

A
  • right hypochondriac
  • epigastric
  • left hypochondriac
  • light lumbar
  • umbilical
  • left lumbar
  • right inguinal
  • hypogastric
  • left inguinal
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10
Q

quadrants in the left upper quadrant

A
  • left lobe of liver
  • stomach
  • spleen
  • upper lobe of left kidney
  • pancreas
  • left adrenal gland
  • splenic flexure of colon
  • section of transverse colon
  • section of descending colon
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11
Q

organs in the left upper quadrant

A
  • left lobe of liver
  • stomach
  • spleen
  • upper lobe of left kidney
  • pancreas
  • left adrenal gland
  • splenic flexure of colon
  • section of transverse colon
  • section of descending colon
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12
Q

organs in the left lower quadrant

A
  • lower lobe of left kidney
  • sigmoid colon
  • section of descending colon
  • left ovary
  • left fallopian tube
  • left ureter
  • left spermatic cord
  • part of uterus
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13
Q

organs in the right hypochondriac

A 
right lobe of liver
gallbladder
part of duodenum
hepatic flexure of colon
upper half of right kidney
suprarenal gland
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14
Q

organs in the epigastric region

A
  • aorta
  • pyloric end of stomach
  • part of duodenum
  • pancreas
  • part of liver
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15
Q

organs in the left hypochondriac

A 
stomach
spleen
tail of pancreas
splenic flexure of colon
upper half of left kidney
part of jejunum and ileum
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16
Q

organs in the right lumbar region

A

ascending colon
lower half of right kidney
part of the duodenum and jejunum

17
Q

organs in the umbilical region

A
  • omentum
  • mesentery
  • lower part of duodenum
  • part of jejunum and ileum
18
Q

organs in the left lumbar region

A

descending colon
lower half of left kidney
part of jejunum and ileum

19
Q

organs in the right inguinal

A 
caecum
appendix
lower end of ileum
right ureter
right spermatic cord
right ovary
20
Q

organs in the hypogastric

A

ileum
bladder
uterus

21
Q

organs in the left inguinal

A
  • sigmoid colon
  • left ureter
  • left spermatic cord
  • left ovary
22
Q

Health assessment interview for abdominal assessment

A
  • explore chief complaint
  • assess history of abdominal disorders
  • medications
  • family history
  • related disorders
  • nutritional and alcohol history
  • weight changes
  • bowel habits
  • psychosocial factors that affect stress
23
Q

What is inspected when conducting an abdominal assessment?

A
  • skin integrity and colour
  • contour and symmetry
  • aortic pulsations
  • rashes, lesions, scars, stretchmarks
24
Q

What is auscultated when conducting an abdominal assessment?

A
  • bowel sounds (listen for 1 minute in each quadrant
  • vascular sounds
  • friction rubs (peritonitis)
25
Q

What is auscultated when conducting an abdominal assessment?

A
  • bowel sounds (listen for 1 minute in each quadrant, 2 - 12 per minute is normal)
  • vascular sounds (bruits)
  • friction rubs (peritonitis)
26
Q

What is percussed when conducting an abdominal assessment?

A
  • size and shape or organs
  • avoid abdominal aorta
  • can show urine retention
27
Q

What are the vascular areas to auscultate

A
  • aorta
  • right renal artery
  • left renal artery
  • right iliac artery
  • left iliac artery
  • right femoral artery
  • left femoral artery
28
Q

What is palpated in abdominal assessment?

A
  • light, the deeper (if no pain or guarding)
  • all four quadrants (avoiding aorta)
  • can feel for fecal impaction,, hernia
29
Q

Symptoms of hernia

A
  • bulge/pain/heaviness
  • larger when coughing, standing, straining
  • reducible or non-reducible (strangulated)
30
Q

Symptoms of aortic aneurysm in 80% of cases

A
  • swelling in wall of artery
  • back pain
    pressure in bowel
    bruit
    palpable
31
Q

Diagnostic tests for abdominal assessment

A
  • oesophageal acidity, manometry, acid perfusion
  • barium swallow or upper GI series
  • barium enema
  • colonoscopy
  • upper GI endoscopy
  • MRI
  • gastric analysis
  • gastric emptying studies
  • abdominal US
  • cholecystography / cholangiography
  • MRCP / ERCP / CT
  • serum lipase / serum amylase
  • liver biopsy
32
Q

Lifespan considerations of abdominal assessment for infants

A
  • abdominal organs are proportionally larger

- umbilical hernia common

33
Q

Lifespan considerations of abdominal assessment for children

A
  • “pot belly” until about 4 years
  • watch face for pain when palpating
  • use distraction therapy when examining
34
Q

Lifespan considerations of abdominal assessment for pregnant women

A
  • morning sickness
  • increased GORD
  • increased constipation
  • organs displaced as uterus enlarges
35
Q

Lifespan considerations of abdominal assessment for older adults

A
  • loss of muscle tissue and more adipose tissue
  • palpation more accurate due to thinner abdominal wall
  • increased pain threshold
  • difficulty in differentiating cardiac and gastric pain
36
Q

What are melaena and steatorrhoea?

A

melaena- black tarry stools due to occult blood.

steatorrhoea - greasy, frothy, yellow stool from fat malabsorption

Health Across the Lifespan 2 (12 decks)

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