Breast, Pectoral Muscles, Clavipectoral Fascia.

Question 1

what kind of glands do the breasts contain?

Answer 1

mammary glands are exocrine glands

Question 2

mammary glands are modified….?

Answer 2

modified sweat glands

Question 3

what are the bumpy regions of the aoreolas?

Answer 3

they are montgomery tubercles

Question 4

Is the entire breast subcutaneous?

Answer 4

No the tail of the breast goes through the deep fascia

Question 5

Is the clavicle convex medially or laterally?

Answer 5

It is convex medially and concave laterally

Question 6

At what vertebral level does the spine of the scapula sit at?

Answer 6

T3

Question 7

what vertebral level does the inferior angle of the scapula sit at?

Answer 7

T7

Question 8

what are the attachments for pectoralis major?

Answer 8

• clavicular head
• sternal head
• intertubercular groove

Question 9

What is the nerve supply to pec major?

Answer 9

the medial and lateral pectoral nerves

Question 10

what actions does pec major allow?

Answer 10

should flexion, adduction and medial rotation

Question 11

what is the nerve supply to pec minor?

Answer 11

medial pectoral nerve

Question 12

what pierces the clavipectoral fascia ?

Answer 12

“CALL”

• Cephalic Vein
• thoracoACROMIAL artery
• Lymphatics
• Lateral Pectoral Nerve

*it has a vein, artery, nerve and lymph*

Question 13

what does the clavipectoral fascia enclose?

Answer 13

it encloses the subclavius and pectoralis minor muscle

Question 14

where does the serratus anterior attach?

Answer 14

it attaches to the upper 8 ribs and the anteromedial border of scapula

Question 15

what is the nerve supply to the serratus anterior?

Answer 15

the long thoracic nerve of belle

Question 16

how many lobes are there in a breast?

Answer 16

12-20

Question 17

what is contained by the lobes of the breast?

Answer 17

the acini - which are clusters of epithelial cells which produce the milk

Question 18

what muscles in the nipples allow for secretions?

Answer 18

circular and longitudinal muscles help with secreting breast milk

Question 19

What are montgomery’s tubercles?

Answer 19

the are raised points on areola - sebaceous glands - they secrete sebum help ‘waterproof’ the nipple

Question 20

where does the base of the breast extend from?

Answer 20

from the 2nd to the 6th costal cartilage

midclavicular line to the mid axillary line and lateral edge of sternum

Question 21

what muscles does the breast directly overlie?

Answer 21

2/3rds of breast over pec major

1/3 of breast over serratus anterior

Question 22

where does the nipple sit in a skinny young male?

Answer 22

nipple is at the 4th intercostal space

Question 23

what are the suspensory ligaments in the breast called?

Answer 23

they are called the suspensory ligaments of cooper

Question 24

what structure is responsible for the ‘puckering’ sign of skin in breast cancer?

Answer 24

the tumor disrupting the suspensory ligaments of cooper - then makes a deformation in the skin of the breast

Question 25

at what stage of fetal development do breast buds begin to form?

Answer 25

they form at week 6 in the fetus

Question 26

mammary buds come from what type of embryological tissue?

Answer 26

ectoderm

Question 27

what embryological tissue does the 'supporting tissue of the breast' come from?

Answer 27

the mesenchyme

Question 28

what is the term for extra nipples?

Answer 28

polythelia

Question 29

what is the medical term for extra breast?

Answer 29

polymastia

Question 30

what occurs to the breasts during pregnancy?

Answer 30

* breasts increase in size during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy * areola darkening * montgomery tubercles of areola increase * the intralobular ducts develop and lead to the formation of the acini cells in the glandular tissue- which produce milk

Question 31

what occurs to the breast post menopause?

Answer 31

* involution of the milk ducts * involution of the glandular tissues * replacement by fat * breast atrophy

Question 32

Describe the blood supply to the breast

Answer 32

* thoracoacromial artery * internal thoracic (from first part of subclavian) * lateral thoracic *

Question 33

What nerves supply the breast?

Answer 33

anterior and lateral branches of intercostals T2-T6

Question 34

lymphatic drainage of the breast is mainly to the ...?

Answer 34

to the Axilla

Question 35

what are the two lymphatic plexi of the breast?

Answer 35

the subareolar and the submammary

Question 36

what is the sentinel lymph node?

Answer 36

it is the first draining lymph node of the breast

Question 37

what are the quadrants of the breast and what quadrant is most likely to form cancer?

Answer 37

* there are four quadrants * superiolateral - most likely to find cancer * superiomedial * inferolateral * inferomedial *

Question 38

what might be a benign reason for a breast lump?

Answer 38

* cysts * fibrocystic disease * adenoma

Question 39

what are some signs of breast cancer?

Answer 39

* skin dimpling * abnormal contours * edema of skin ( peau d' orange) * nipple retraction and deviation

Question 40

what is the term for congenital absense of breast?

Answer 40

Amastia

Question 41

what vertebral level can you find the suprasternal notch at?

Answer 41

T2

Question 42

at what rib level can you find the sternal angle?

Answer 42

at the 2nd rib

Question 43

what is the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Answer 43

it elevates the sternum and clavicle and, thus, expands the thoracic cavity (inspiratory breathing muscle).

Question 44

What is the function of the Serratus anterior muscle? What is its innervation?

Answer 44

it angles your scapula - innervated by the long thoracic nerve of bell - when damaged nerve, leads to winged scapula due to it's function

Question 45

orient the following bones - clavicle - sternum - ribs - vertebra

Question 46

Secondary cartilaginous joints are also known as?

Answer 46

sympheses

Question 47

Find the following landmarks on thoracic vertebrae * body * neural arch * transverse process * lamina, pedicle * spinous process, articular process * facets for ribs * basivertebral vein * ligament attachments * postvertebral muscles * contents of vertebral canal * manner in which ribs articulate with vertebrae * joints and movements

Question 48

On the first rib, find these landmarks * head * neck and structures related * tubercle * scalene tubercle * costochondral articulation * joint with vertebra *

Question 49

find the following landmarks on the sternum * manubrium * body * xiphoid * sternocleidomastoid * pectoralis major * vertebral levels of suprasternal notch

Question 50

What are the attachments of Pectoralis minor?

Answer 50

coracoid process ribs 3-5

Question 51

What goes into the clavipectoral fascia?

Answer 51

The Lymphatics and the cephalic Vein