Anterior mediastinum, pericardial cavity, surface anatomy

Question 1

What are the subdivisions of the mediastinum

Answer 1

1. Superior mediastinum
2. Inferior Mediastinum
   
   1. anterior section
   2. middle section
   3. posterior section

Question 2

what is found in the anterior mediastinum?

Answer 2

the thymus gland - found in children, extends from cricoid cartilage to retrosternal area

Question 3

what gland is present in childhood but regresses in adulthood?

Answer 3

They Thymus gland - produces T cells in a child

Question 4

what does the middle mediastinum contain?

Answer 4

the pericardium, the heart, and the roots of the great vessels

Question 5

what nerves supply the pericardium?

Answer 5

the phrenic nerve

Question 6

what is it called when the pericardium fills with fluid?

Answer 6

pericardial effusion

Question 7

what is pericarditis?

Answer 7

inflammation of the pericardium

Question 8

what are the layers of the pericardium?

Answer 8

“Fart Police Smell Villains”

F – Fibrous layer of the pericardium
P – Parietal layer of the serous pericardium
S – Serous fluid
V – Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Question 9

what is the space inbetween the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium?

Answer 9

the pericardial cavity

Question 10

what chambers of the heart can you see anteriorly?

Answer 10

• right atrium
• right ventricle
• left ventricle

Question 11

what makes up the lateral border of the heart?

Answer 11

right atrium

Question 12

what makes up the inferior border of the heart?

Answer 12

right ventricle and the apex

Question 13

what makes up the lateral border of the heart?

Answer 13

left ventricle and the left atrial appendage

Question 15

what occurs at level T4?

Answer 15

• bifurcation of the trachea
• bifurcation of pulmonary trunk
• azygos termination
• ligamentum arteriosum

Question 16

what is the ligamentum arteriosum a remnant of?

Answer 16

it is a remnant of the ductus arteriosus or the embryological ‘bypass’ of the lungs

• found between the left pulmonary artery and inferior surface of arch of aorta

Question 18

where do we find the apex beat of the heart?

Answer 18

the position is the most lateral and inferior point at which palpating fingers feel the heart beat

*normally at 5th ICS midclavicular line left of sternum

Question 19

what are the borders of the heart on surface anatomy?

Answer 19

3rd CC, 6th CC to the right of sternum

2nd CC, 5th ICS to the left of sternum

Question 20

describe the large arteries and veins moving out and into the heart

Answer 20

Superior vena cava- bring deoxygenated blood to right atrium

palmonary artery - from right ventricle to the lungs

pulmonary veins (4) - from lungs to left atrium

aorta - from left ventricle to the body

Question 21

how can you tell the difference between a vein and artery?

Answer 21

arteries go away from the heart

veins go towards the heart

Question 22

what are the four valves of theheart?

Answer 22

• tricuspid valve- between right atrium and right ventricle
• pulmonary valve - 3 semilunar cusps
• mitral valve -between left atrium and ventricle - bicuspid
• aortic valve- 3 semilunar cusps (anterior, right posterior, and left posterior)

Question 23

what are the positions of the heart valves on surface anatomy?

Answer 23

remember 3344 PAMT

3rd CC- pulmonary

3rd ICS - Aortic

4th CC- mitral

4th ICS - Tricuspid

Question 24

where can you auscultate the aortic valve?

Answer 24

2nd ICS right of sternum

Question 25

where can you auscultate the pulmonary valve?

Answer 25

2nd ICS left of sternum

Question 26

where can you auscultate the tricuspid valve?

Answer 26

Near 5th ICS left of sternum

Question 27

where can you auscultate the mitral valve?

Answer 27

5th ICS mid clavicular line - left of sternum

Question 28

where does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate?

Answer 28

beihnd the aorta

Question 29

how do the right and left branches of the aorta differ?

Answer 29

on the left side, the left common carotid and the left subclavian come directly off the aortic arch

on the right side, the right brachiocephalic trunk comes directly off the aortic arch then bifurcates into the right subclavian and the right common carotid artery

Question 30

describe the branches of the superior vena cava

Answer 30

the superior vena cava bifurcates into the brachiocephalic veins, then each side splits again into the right subclavian and the Right Internal jugular vein, and the left internal jugular vein and the left sublcavian

Question 31

where do the laryngeal nerves give motor innervation to? somatic?

Answer 31

they give motor to the vocal cords and sensory to the larynx

Question 32

where do the laryngeal nerves stem from?

Answer 32

they stem from the vagus nerves