Breast cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the triple approach for a breast lump

A

1) Clinical examination
2) Ultrasound and or mammogram
3) Biopsy to see the nature of the lump

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2
Q

Features of a suspicious malignant lump?

A
  • Irregular and hard
  • Fixed to chest wall
  • Skin above is tethered
  • Palpable lymph nodes in axilla
  • Indrawn nipple/nipple involvement
  • bone tenderness/pain
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3
Q

features of a benign breast tumour

A
  • smooth edges
  • Can be moved slightly when pushed
  • Often found in both friends
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4
Q

Why would you want to do a blood test if you suspect a cancer?

A

to see if the patient has anaemia which would be indicative of internal bleeding

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5
Q

Why would you do other investigations If you suspect a cancer

A

Tp see if the carcinoma has spread to other sites

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6
Q

What are tumours stained with to see them under the slide

A

Haemotoxylin

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7
Q

What would a tumour look like under a slide

A

Nuclei are all different shapes and sizes and there is a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ration

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8
Q

How would you stage the tumour

A

TNM

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9
Q

How would you look at the biology of the tumour

A

Grade
Receptors (ER, HER2)
Growth Fraction

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10
Q

What does breast cancer usually arise from

A

Ductal or lobular cells

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11
Q

What happens if you increase the histological grade of the tumour

A

Chance of survival decreases

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12
Q

What does an oestrogen receptor positive look like under the microscope

A

The nuclei are dark and brown

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13
Q

What does an oestrogen receptor negative look like under a microscope

A

Niclei are dark and brown but the cells are arranged in a circle

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14
Q

What hormone receptor measurements are done for cases of breast cancer

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

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15
Q

Does oestrogen positive or negative have a better prognosis for breast cancer/.

A

Oestrogen receptor positive

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16
Q

how to work out Allred score

A

Add proportion score to intensity score and that would mean you can stratify patients into their responses for endocrine therapy

17
Q

What does a higher Allred score mean

A

You have a higher chance for responding to endocrine therapy

18
Q

When would there be a high chance of responsiveness to tamoxifen

A

If patient is ER and PR positive (second higher chance is when the patient is ER positive and PR negative)

19
Q

When would a person benefit from chemo alone for breast cancer

A

If patient is endocrine non-responsive

20
Q

When would a person benefit from endocrine therapy and also chemo

A

If they are endocrine responsive

21
Q

When would a person benefit to endocrine therapy but not chemo

A

IF they are endocrine negative

22
Q

What is HER2

A

membrane bound receptor

23
Q

What does a HER2 positive slide look like

A

Strong staining

24
Q

What does a negative HER2 look like

A

Weakly staining

25
Q

What type of HER2 status is an indication of a good prognosis

A

Negative