Brain tumours, embryonal tumours and teratomas

Question 1

What are lymphomas

Answer 1

Neoplastic proliferations of lymphoid cells of various types

Question 2

What are leukaemias

Answer 2

Neoplastic proliferations of the cells (mainly blood white cells and their precursors) of the haemopoietic bone marrow

Question 3

What are the two types of lymphoma

Answer 3

Hodgkins disease

Non-Hodgkins lymphoma

Question 4

What are the most common of the Non-Hodgkins lymphoma

Answer 4

Lymphocytic lymphomas

Question 5

What are the clinical features of lymphomas

Answer 5

• Most present clinically with lymphadenopathy (lymph node enlargement)
• Hepatomegaly (infiltrated liver) and splenomegaly (infiltrated spleen) or bone marrow infiltration

Question 6

What is the neoplastic cell in classical Hodgkins disease called

Answer 6

Reed-Sternberg cell

Question 7

What are the other cells present in classical Hodgkin’s disease

Answer 7

Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Fibroblasts

Question 8

What are the different types of Hodgkin’s disease based on

Answer 8

Differing proportions of Reed-Sternberg cells and lymphocytes

Question 9

What is Lymphocyte rich Hodgkins

Answer 9

Few R-S cells and lots of lymphocytes

Question 10

What is Lymphocyte depleted Hodgkins

Answer 10

Lots of R-S cells and few lymphocytes

Question 11

What is Mixed cellularity Hodgkins

Answer 11

Roughly equal proportions of R-S cells and lymphocytes

Question 12

What is Nodular sclerosing Hodgkins

Answer 12

As mixed cellularity, but different architecture

Question 13

Are high grade lymphomas good or bad

Answer 13

bad

Question 14

What is a myeloma

Answer 14

A tumour of mature plasma cells

Question 15

What us a myeloma presented with

Answer 15

Bone tumours
Osteolytic
Painful

Question 16

What are the main effects of a lymphoma

Answer 16

replacement of lymph nodes and infiltration of other tissues

Question 17

What are the most common primary tumours of the brain derived from

Answer 17

Glial cells

Question 18

What are glial cells

Answer 18

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells

Question 19

What are the most common glial cells to give rise to a brain tumour

Answer 19

Astrocytomas

Question 20

What do astrocytomas not do

Answer 20

Metastasize

Question 21

What are embryonal tumours derived from

Answer 21

Embryonic remnants of primitive ‘blast’ tissue

Question 22

Key facts about embryonal tumours

Answer 22

Mainly in young children
Highly malignant
Spread early to lymphatics and veins

Question 23

What are embryonal tumours sensitive to

Answer 23

Chemotherapy so chemotherapy has revolutionised prognosis

Question 24

What is nephroblastoma

Answer 24

In kidney, most common

Question 25

What is neuroblastoma and what is it derived from

Answer 25

In adrenal gland

derived from primitive adrenal medullary precursors (neuroblasts)

Question 26

What are some other examples of embryonal tumours

Answer 26

Retinoblastoma
Medulloblastoma
Hepatoblastoma

Question 27

What are teratomas derived from

Answer 27

Primitive germ cells which retain the capacity to differentiate along all 3 primitive embryological lines

Question 28

What do teratomas contain

Answer 28

representatives of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

Question 29

Where would teratomas mainly occur

Answer 29

Ovary and testis

Question 30

What is the prognosis of a teratoma of the ovary

Answer 30

Good

Question 31

Are teratomas of the ovary benign or malignant

Answer 31

benign

Question 32

What does a teratoma of the ovary contain

Answer 32

Keratin

Question 33

Is a teratoma of the testis malignant or benign

Answer 33

Malignant

Question 34

What are important in the management of teratomas of testis

Answer 34

Tumour markers