Brain tumours, embryonal tumours and teratomas Flashcards
What are lymphomas
Neoplastic proliferations of lymphoid cells of various types
What are leukaemias
Neoplastic proliferations of the cells (mainly blood white cells and their precursors) of the haemopoietic bone marrow
What are the two types of lymphoma
Hodgkins disease
Non-Hodgkins lymphoma
What are the most common of the Non-Hodgkins lymphoma
Lymphocytic lymphomas
What are the clinical features of lymphomas
- Most present clinically with lymphadenopathy (lymph node enlargement)
- Hepatomegaly (infiltrated liver) and splenomegaly (infiltrated spleen) or bone marrow infiltration
What is the neoplastic cell in classical Hodgkins disease called
Reed-Sternberg cell
What are the other cells present in classical Hodgkin’s disease
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Fibroblasts
What are the different types of Hodgkin’s disease based on
Differing proportions of Reed-Sternberg cells and lymphocytes
What is Lymphocyte rich Hodgkins
Few R-S cells and lots of lymphocytes
What is Lymphocyte depleted Hodgkins
Lots of R-S cells and few lymphocytes
What is Mixed cellularity Hodgkins
Roughly equal proportions of R-S cells and lymphocytes
What is Nodular sclerosing Hodgkins
As mixed cellularity, but different architecture
Are high grade lymphomas good or bad
bad
What is a myeloma
A tumour of mature plasma cells
What us a myeloma presented with
Bone tumours
Osteolytic
Painful
What are the main effects of a lymphoma
replacement of lymph nodes and infiltration of other tissues
What are the most common primary tumours of the brain derived from
Glial cells
What are glial cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
What are the most common glial cells to give rise to a brain tumour
Astrocytomas
What do astrocytomas not do
Metastasize
What are embryonal tumours derived from
Embryonic remnants of primitive ‘blast’ tissue
Key facts about embryonal tumours
Mainly in young children
Highly malignant
Spread early to lymphatics and veins
What are embryonal tumours sensitive to
Chemotherapy so chemotherapy has revolutionised prognosis
What is nephroblastoma
In kidney, most common
What is neuroblastoma and what is it derived from
In adrenal gland
derived from primitive adrenal medullary precursors (neuroblasts)
What are some other examples of embryonal tumours
Retinoblastoma
Medulloblastoma
Hepatoblastoma
What are teratomas derived from
Primitive germ cells which retain the capacity to differentiate along all 3 primitive embryological lines
What do teratomas contain
representatives of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
Where would teratomas mainly occur
Ovary and testis
What is the prognosis of a teratoma of the ovary
Good
Are teratomas of the ovary benign or malignant
benign
What does a teratoma of the ovary contain
Keratin
Is a teratoma of the testis malignant or benign
Malignant
What are important in the management of teratomas of testis
Tumour markers
