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Breast Surgery > Breast Cancer > Flashcards

Breast Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

define microinvasive carcinoma

A

DCIS with invasion <1mm

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2
Q

RF for invasive breast cancer

A 
age
early menarche
no parity
no breastfeeding
late menopause
hormones (OCP, HRT)
previous
lifestyle
genetics
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3
Q

what lifestyle factors can reduce the risk of breast cancer?

A

physical activity

NSAIDs

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4
Q

cancer syndromes

A 
BRCA1 and 2
Li Fraumeni syndrome (TP53)
Cowden's syndrome (PTEN)
Peutz-Jegher's syndrome
ataxia telangiectasia
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5
Q

how is breast cancer classified?

A

according to receptor expression = ER, PgR, HER2 or triple negative

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6
Q

most common type of breast cancer?

A

ductal carcinoma

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7
Q

what do ER expression cancers respond to?

A

anti-oestrogen therapies

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8
Q

examples of anti-oestrogen therapies

A

oophorectomy
tamoxifen
aromatase inhibitors
GnRH agonists (goserilin)

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9
Q

presentation of breast cancer

A

lump
blood/ discharge from nipple
skin changes - texture/ colour

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10
Q

diagnosis of breast cancer

A

triple assessment

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11
Q

what kind of biopsy gets more tissue?

A

vacuum

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12
Q

how to check receptor expression

A

immunohistochemistry

FISH for HER2

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13
Q

surgical options

A
  1. WLE
  2. mastectomy
  3. reconstruction options
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14
Q

when is breast conservation surgery as good as mastectomy?

A

clear margins of >1mm

adjuvant radiotherapy post-op (started within 12 weeks)

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15
Q

reconstruction options

A 
external prosthesis
implants
flaps
nipple reconstruction
lipo-modelling
contralateral symmetrising
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16
Q

hormonal therapy options

A

aromatase inhibitors
tamoxifen
GnRH analogues e.g. goserelin

17
Q

examples of aromatase inhibitors

A

letrozole

anastrozole

18
Q

role of aromatase inhibitors

A

prevent formation of oestradiol from testosterone

19
Q

side effects of aromatase inhibitors

A 
joint/bone pain
hot flushes
fatigue
weight gain
mood swings
20
Q

who can only use aromatase inhibitors?

A

post-menopausal women

21
Q

role of tamoxifen?

A

blocks oestrogen receptors in breast tissues while stimulating it in uterus and bones preventing OP but increasing risk of endometrial cancer

22
Q

adverse of trastuzumab?

A

headaches
blurred vision
heart function

23
Q

management options of lymphoedema?

A 
massage techniques
compression
exercises
weight loss
good skin care
avoid inserting cannulas/taking bloods
24
Q

what nerve is damaged in winged scapula?

A

serratus anterior

Breast Surgery (12 decks)

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