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Biology 11 > Breaking Down Macromolecules > Flashcards

Breaking Down Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Hydrolysis?

A
  • chemical breakdown of large molecules that get absorbed by cells lining the small intestine
  • water molecule + Macromolecule
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2
Q

Enzymes

A

Protein Molecules that chemically breakdown food
types of enzymes:
Carbohydrase - makes simple sugars EX: amylase
lipase - makes glycerol and fatty acids EX: pancreatic lipase
protease - makes Amino Acids EX: pepsin
nuclease: makes nucleotides EX: pancreatic Nuclease

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3
Q

Minerals

A

calcium:clots blood
Iron: produces hemoglobin
potassium: conducting nerve signal
sodium: conducting nerve signals

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4
Q

water:

A

makes up about 2/3 of bodys mass

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5
Q

autotrophs

A

make food from sunlight

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6
Q

heterotrophs

A

eats other organism

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7
Q

feeding mechanisms

A

suspension feeders, substate feeders, fluid feeders, bulk feeders

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8
Q

stages of digestion:

A
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9
Q

ingestion

A

taking in food

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10
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical processes

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11
Q

absorption

A

transport of products from the digestive system to circulatory system

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12
Q

elimination

A

removal of undigested solids

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13
Q

alimentary canal

A

tube through which food is processed - digestive tract

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14
Q

mechanical digestion

A

physical breakdown of food

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15
Q

chemical digestion

A

Along the digestive tract, glands release fluid for breakdown

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16
Q

salivary glands + enzymes

A

parotid gland, sublingual gland, submandibular gland - trigger salivary glands

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17
Q

amylase

A

enzyme found in saliva, breaks down starches into simpler sugars, lubricates food

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18
Q

the esphogus

A

muscular tube, food passes to the stomach, lies next to opening of wind pipe

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19
Q

bolus

A

moulded food mass

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20
Q

pharynx

A

top of esophagus, bolus enter

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21
Q

epiglottis

A

prevents food from going down the wrong way, opens and closes the trachea

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22
Q

peristalsis

A

wave-like muscular contractions as bolus moves through

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23
Q

esophageal sphincter

A

controls entrance to the stomach, normally closed to prevent acid from backing up

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24
Q

The stomach:

A

left side of abdominal cavity, stomach walls fold like an accordion
nerves in the stomach start contractions to release digested food into small intestine

25
Q

gastric glands

A

line the stomach that produce gastric juice

26
Q

gastric juice

A

coats the walls protecting it from acid
made of HCl, salts, enzymes, water, and mucus

27
Q

chyme

A

result of stomach contractions mixing food and gastric juice together

28
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

muscular valve that keeps food in the stomach

29
Q

3 methods to protective protein that make up walls

A
  • producing little gastric juice while the stomach is empty
  • stomach cells produce mucus
  • pepsin: hydrolyzes proteins to yield polypeptides
30
Q

the small intestine

A

digestion completes here
nutrients absorbed through membranes of the cells that line the small intestine
made of 3 regions:
duodenum
jejunum
ileum

31
Q

duodenum

A

first region after the stomach
walls are lined by folds that increase absorption
folds are covered by villi that are also covered with microvilli
it receives productions from the pancreas and gall bladder

32
Q

jejumun

A

After the duodenum
contains more folds than the duodenum
breaks down remaining protein and carbs to be absorbed into the bloodstream

33
Q

ileum

A

contains smaller villi
absorbs nutrients and pushes undigested material into large intestine

34
Q

Pancreas

A

produces 1L of pancreatic fluid into duodenum every day
the fluid contains enzymes that chemically digest carbs, lipids, proteins
fluid also alters pH of chyme

35
Q

Liver

A

largest internal organ
produces bile

36
Q

Bile

A

made of bile pigments and bile salts
waste product from RBC’s
bile produced in the liver is sent to gall bladder

37
Q

Bile salts

A

physically breakdown lipids (fats)

38
Q

salivary amylase

A

acts in mouth
pH: 7
makes: maltose

39
Q

pancreatic amylase

A

acts in small intestine
pH: 8
makes: maltose

40
Q

carbohydrases

A

acts in small intestine
pH: 8
sucrase, maltase, lactase, all make: glucose

41
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

acts in small intestine
pH: 8
makes: fatty acids and glycerol

42
Q

proteases

A

Pepsin: acts in stomach pH: 1-2
Trypsin chymotrypsin: acts in small intestine pH: 8
all make: peptides

43
Q

peptidases

A

acts in small intestine
pH: 8
makes: peptides + amino acids

44
Q

factors affecting enzyme action

A

higher temp = activity increases
ideal temp = 37 C
best pH: 6-8

45
Q

absorption in the small intestine

A

monosaccharides are absorbed into bloodstream through small intestine lining –> converted to glucose in liver
amino acids carried by bloodstream from small intestine to liver –> converted to sugars or turn into Urea which is in urine
glycerol + fatty acids are reassembled in small intestine to make triglycerides and pass into the bloodstream

46
Q

the Large intestine

A

remaining material from small intestine moves into Colon that absorbs water from alimentary canal - 90% of water is absorbed back into blood

47
Q

anaerobic bacteria

A

breaks down undigested matter that produce important vitamins
leftover matter forms feces that go from the colon to rectum

48
Q

bilirubin

A

by product of breakdown of hemoglobin

49
Q

mouth

A

function: mechanical and chemical digestion

50
Q

esophagus

A

function: swallowing

51
Q

stomach

A

function: mechanical and chemical digestion

52
Q

small intestine

A

function: mechanical and chemical digestion

53
Q

large intestine

A

function: water absorption

54
Q

peptic ulcers

A

sore in lining of stomach
commonly caused by infection of Helicobacter pylori
symptoms: abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, less appetite
form because tissues become inflamed because mucus lining is weak
gastric juice comes in contact with tissue
acid resistant bacteria attach to walls of digestive tract

55
Q

inflammatory bowel disease

A

diseases that cause inflammation in the intestines
chronic disease
treated with medication and special diet
Crohns disease: affect any part of alimentary canal
children with Crohns grow improperly, thinner bones, poor muscle development
ulcerative colitis: attacks the colon
symptoms: bloody stool, cramps, abdominal pain
may need to remove part of colon

56
Q

constipation

A

bowel movements lessen
stools are dry
causes: lack of water, lack of good nerve and muscle function, unhealthy diet

57
Q

Hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver, caused by virus
3 types:
A: drinking contaminated water
B: spread by sexual contact
C: contact with infected blood

58
Q

Cirrhosis

A

chronic disease of liver
scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue
causes: alcoholism and hep C
fatty liver is a warning sign of this
treatment: liver transplant

Biology 11 (5 decks)

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