11 function of the respiratory system

Question 1

1st stage of respiration: Breathing

Answer 1

inspiration, expiration

Question 2

2nd stage of respiration: external respiration

Answer 2

exchange of oxygen and CO2 between inspired air and air inside lungs and blood

Question 3

3rd stage of respiration: internal respiration

Answer 3

exchange of oxygen and CO2 between blood and body tissues

Question 4

4th stage of respiration: cellular respiration

Answer 4

series of energy-realeasing chemical reactions in cells

Question 5

2 main requirements for respiration

Answer 5

• animals respiratory surface (where gases are exchanged with the environment) must be large enough for the exchange of oxygen and CO2 to occur quickly
• respiration must take place in moist environment –> O+CO2 dissolve into water

Question 6

ventilation

Answer 6

process of moving oxygen medium over respiratory surface

Question 7

Gas exchange in aquatic enviroments

Answer 7

fish exchanges gases by taking water into its mouth and pumping it over the gills
as water flows across gills, oxygen from water goes to the blood
CO2 diffuses from the blood and into the water

Question 8

counter current in fish

Answer 8

diffusion gradient; oxygen molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

Question 9

gas exchange on land

Answer 9

brain monitors volume of air in the lungs and gas levels in blood
2 structures control air pressure inside the lungs: muscular diaphragm, rib muscles

Question 10

muscular diaphragm

Answer 10

separates the region of the lungs from the region of the stomach and liver

Question 11

rib muscles/intercostal muscles

Answer 11

Found between the ribs and inside surface of rib cage (look at diagram)

Question 12

air pressure in the lungs - inhalation

Answer 12

inhalation begins when external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract and diaphragm moves down
this expands the rib cage upward and outward and chest cavity moved downward
this increases volume of chest cavity
lungs are suspended in the chest cavity, air pressure in the cavity decreases and walls of lungs are drawn outward. air pressure in the lungs are lower than air outside

Question 13

air pressure in the lungs - exhalation

Answer 13

begins when diaphragm and rib muscles relax, reducing volume of chest cavity
volume of lungs decrease, air pressure inside the lungs increases, air moved from the lungs to lower pressure environment outside body

Question 14

the spirograph

Answer 14

graph that represents the amount of air that moves into and out of lungs with each breatht

Question 15

tidal volume

Answer 15

volume of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing

Question 16

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 16

additional volume of air that can be taken into the lungs

Question 17

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 17

additional volume of air that can be forced out of lungs

Question 18

vital capacity

Answer 18

total volume of gas that can be moved into or out of lungs

Question 19

residual volume

Answer 19

amount of gas that remains in lungs and passageways of the respiratory system even after full exhalation

Question 20

what happens when air enter the respiratory system (upper tract)

Answer 20

at the back of the nose, air is warmed, moistened, and cleansed of dust and other small particles

Question 21

turbinate bones in the nose

Answer 21

project into nasal passages and increase surface area of chambers
a thin membrane covering this bone produces mucous
ciliated cells are found in the membrane with wave-like hairs

Question 22

dense network of capillaries

Answer 22

in turbinate bone supplies warm blood to nasal passage
this warm moist are passes from the nasal to the pharynx then to the trachea

Question 23

glottis

Answer 23

entrance to the trachea (diagram)

Question 24

the larynx

Answer 24

passage way for air
made of cartilage
used for sound production (diagram)

Question 25

making of sounds

Answer 25

vocal cords are moved closer together so pressure from air comes out from the lungs and causes cords to vibrate
long cords: low sound
short cords: high sound

Question 26

trachea

Answer 26

flexible tube strengthened and held open by semicirle loops of cartilage
runs from the throat to middle of chest (diagram)

Question 27

bronchi - lower respiratory

Answer 27

branch from trachea
one bronchus enter each lungs (diagram)

Question 28

lungs

Answer 28

divided into regions called lobes
right - has 3 lobes
left - has 3 lobes

Question 29

pleural membrane

Answer 29

flexible, double layered sac surrounding the lungs
attached to inside of chest wall
inner layer covers the lungs (diagram)

Question 30

bronchioles

Answer 30

bronchus subdivides into network of microscopic tubules called _____

Question 31

alveoli

Answer 31

each bronchiole ends in cluster of tiny sacs called _____
surrounding each is a network of fine capillaries
walls are only 1 cell thick, where respiratory and circulatory system interact (diagram)

Question 32

gas exchange in humans

Answer 32

thin walls of alveoli and capillaries allow gases to diffuse through cells
air enters alveoli after has a higher concentration of oxygen than blood
oxygen diffuses out of alveoli into blood of capillaries (diagram)

Question 33

capillaries

Answer 33

has a higher concentration of CO2 than air in alveoli because blood that diffuses into capillaries is returning from body tissues
CO2 exchange between capillaries and alveoli lead to blood journeying back to heart

Question 34

how blood transports respiratory gases

Answer 34

99% of oxygen reaches cells carried by hemoglobin - protein in RBC
23% of CO2 is carried in blood by hemoglobin 77% is carried in the blood fluids
when CO2 reaches lungs, diffuses into air in the alveoli and is exhaled

Question 35

tonsillitis

Answer 35

cause: bacteria infection of 2 organs in pharynx
symptoms: red swollen tonsils, sore throat, fever, swollen glands

Question 36

laryngitis

Answer 36

cause: inflammation of larynx caused by infection, allergy, or overstraining
symptoms: loss of voice or whisper

Question 37

pheunomia

Answer 37

cause: inflammation in 1 or both lungs by virus
lobular involves 1 lobe
bronchial patches both lungs
symptoms: fluid build up in lungs

Question 38

bronchitis

Answer 38

cause: acute bronchitis caused by infection
chronic caused by regular exposure to dust, chemicals, or smoke
symptoms: red inflamed bronchi filled with mucus
mucus build up leading to cough

Question 39

asthma

Answer 39

cause: inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles due to irritants such as pollen, dust, smoke
symptoms:
narrowing of passage of bronchi- leads to wheezing, cough, tightness of chest, shortness of breath
increases mucus production

Question 40

Emphysema

Answer 40

Cause: classified as COPD
chronic
smoking
symptoms: walls of alveoli lose elasticity which decreases respiratory surface and causes oxygen shortage
difficulty exhaling

Question 41

Lung Cancer

Answer 41

uncontrolled cell growth in the lungs that leads to a carcinoma (tumor made up of rapidly multiplying cells)
reduces respiratory surface of the lungs
lung tissues deep in thoracic cavity –> cancer is difficult to detect in early stages
symptoms: persistent cough, difficult breathing, chest pain, loss of appetite
80% of people die within 5 years of diagnosis
main cause: smoking