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Biology 11 > 12 the circulatory system > Flashcards

12 the circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

main functions of the circulatory system

A
  • transport gases and waste material
  • regulates internal temperature and transports chemical substances
  • protects against blood loss from injury and against disease-causing microbes
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2
Q

3 major components of the circulatory system

A

heart: muscular organ, continuously pumps blood through body
blood vessels: system of hollow tube
blood: fluid that transports nutrients, oxygen, CO2

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3
Q

how are cardiac muscle cells arranged?

A

in a network that allows for heart to contract and relax rhythmically without becoming fatigued

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4
Q

the structure of the heart

A

has 4 chambers - a top and bottom on both the right and left sides (diagram)

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5
Q

atria

A

top 2 chambers
fill with blood returning from the lungs

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6
Q

ventricles

A

2 bottom chambers - receive blood from the atria and pump it out of body or lungs

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7
Q

septum

A

thick muscular wall - separates the atria and ventricles

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8
Q

vena cavae

A

open into the right atrium

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9
Q

superior vena cava

A

collects oxygen-poor blood coming from the head, chest, and arms

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10
Q

inferior vena cava

A

collect oxygen poor-blood from elsewhere in the body (opposite of superior vena cava)

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11
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

oxygen-poor blood enters left and right pulmonary arteries and continues to lungs for gas exchange
left side of the heart does the reverse - receives oxygen rich blood from the left and right lungs and pumps it out to body (diagram)

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12
Q

pulmonary veins

A

oxygen rich blood flows from the lungs to pulmonary veins then to the left atrium

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13
Q

left ventricle

A

left atrium pumps blood into the left ventricle, where blood going to the body tissues leaves through the largest vessel in the body, the aorta

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14
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

separates atria and ventricles

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15
Q

bicuspid valve

A

atrioventricular valve on left side, has 2 flaps

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16
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve, aortic semilunar valve

A

other 2 valves in the atrioventricular

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17
Q

open-circulatory systems

A

invertebrates
blood flows freely within the body

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18
Q

Hemolymph

A

mix of blood and fluid that surrounds the cells
pumped through a single vessel from head to abdomen
pushed from 1 chamber to the next by contractions
nutrients and wastes exchange before passed back to transporting vessel

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19
Q

ostia

A

tiny holes in the heart walls allow hemolymph to enter heart from body cavity

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20
Q

closed circulatory system

A

vertebrates, earthworms
keeps blood physically contained within vessels
blood flows in continuous path of circulation and separated from interstitial fluid

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21
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

path that blood follows from heart to lungs (deoxygenated) and back to heart (oxygenated)

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22
Q

systemic circulation

A

oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
blood returns to the heart carrying waste CO2 and re-enters pulmonary circulation

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23
Q

cardiac circulation

A

movement of blood through the heart tissues

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24
Q

blood vessels

A

3 main; artery, vein, capillary
carry blood away from heart and veins carry blood toward heart

25
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from heart
highly elastic walls for expansion and contraction for blood to keep blood flowing in the right direction

26
Q

veins

A

Veins carry blood toward heart
not as elastic as arteries
1 way valves that prevent blood from flowing backward

27
Q

network of capillaries….

A

joins arteries and arterioles with veins and venules

28
Q

1 cell thick capillaries

A

site where gases, nutrients, and other materials are transferred from blood to tissue cells and then to blood

29
Q

blood plasma

A

made up of 92% water and 7% dissolved protein, 1% is organic substances
clear, yellowish fluid
transports nutrients, gases, and waste products
55% of blood

30
Q

formed portion of blood

A

solid,
made up of RBC, WBC and platelets in bone marrow
45% of blood

31
Q

RBC’s

A

44% of total blood
oxygen transport
number of RBC’s determine oxygen carrying capacity
disk shaped, no nucleus
each cell contains 280 million iron molecules of hemoglobin

32
Q

hemoglobin

A

erythrocytes
binds with oxygen
releases oxygen into cells

33
Q

WBC’s

A

leukocytes
bodys response to infection
1% of blood volume
have nuclei
5 types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

34
Q

neutrophils

A

first cell to respond to invaders

35
Q

eosinophils

A

trigger allergy symptoms

36
Q

basophils

A

mount immune response to pathogens, play a role in asthma

37
Q

lymphocytes

A

2 forms: B and T cells
B: produce antibodies that remember infection
T: recognize specific foreign invaders and kill them

38
Q

monocytes

A

garbage truck of immune system

39
Q

Granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

40
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

41
Q

platelets

A

thrombocytes
3rd major substance in blood
break after 7-10 days after formed
clot blood

42
Q

steps in blood clotting

A
  1. blood vessel breaks, releases chemical that attract platelets
  2. platelets rupture and release chemicals to combine with plasma and produce thromboplastin
  3. thromboplastin reacts with prothrombin to produce enzyme thrombin
  4. thrombin reacts with fibrinogen
43
Q

transport in blood

A

absorbs nutrients from small intestine to liver
carries CO2 to lungs where it is released

44
Q

temperature regulation in blood

A

heat loss is controlled by changing volume of blood flowing near body surface
blood vessels in skin expand to carry more blood or constricts

45
Q

vasodilation

A

increase in blood flow by widening the vessels when core of body becomes hot
this then turns to sweat
helps lose heat rapidly

46
Q

vasoconstriction

A

decrease in blood flow by narrowing blood vessels near surface of the skin
reduces the amount of heat from the skin and helps conserve energy
shivering increases production of heat by cellular metabolism

47
Q

B.P is too high…

A

vasodilation will reduce it

48
Q

B.P is too low

A

vasoconstriction will increase it

49
Q

sinoatrial node

A

stimulates muscle cells to contract and relax rhythmically
sets pace for cardiac activity
in the wall of the right atrium

50
Q

atrioventricular node

A

transmits electrical signal through a bundle of fibres called bundle of His
these fibres relay signal thru 2 branches of bundles that divide into Purkinje fibres

51
Q

stethoscope

A

used to listen to heart beats
its diaphragm picks up sound and it goes through a tube

52
Q

the heartbeat

A

repeated double beat
sounds are made when different heart valves close
first sound is the closing of the AV valves as blood is pumped from the atria to the ventricles
second sound is the closing of the semilunar valves as blood is pumped from the ventricles into the arteries

53
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

physicians use to diagnose the health of the heart
P wave: SA node fires, atria contracts
QRS: AV node stimulates ventricles, AV close, produces first heart sound
T wave: ventricles relax, semilunar valves close, second heart sound

54
Q

blood pressure

A

force exerted by blood against the vessel walls
ventricles contract = force blood into the pulmonary arteries and the aorta

54
Q

systolic pressure

A

max pressure during ventricular contraction or systole phase

55
Q

measuring blood pressure

A

blood pressure cuff wrapped around the upper arm and inflated to exert pressure on a large artery to stop flood flow. air is let out, blood flows in again, pressure of blood against walls of artery is measured

56
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by the heart

57
Q

stroke volume

A

determined by 2 factors:
how easily heart fills with blood
how readily blood is emptied from heart
avg is 70ml and resting hr is 70bpm

Biology 11 (5 decks)

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