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Biology 11 > 12 the circulatory system > Flashcards

12 the circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

main functions of the circulatory system

A
  • transport gases and waste material
  • regulates internal temperature and transports chemical substances
  • protects against blood loss from injury and against disease-causing microbes
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2
Q

3 major components of the circulatory system

A

heart: muscular organ, continuously pumps blood through body
blood vessels: system of hollow tube
blood: fluid that transports nutrients, oxygen, CO2

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3
Q

how are cardiac muscle cells arranged?

A

in a network that allows for heart to contract and relax rhythmically without becoming fatigued

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4
Q

the structure of the heart

A

has 4 chambers - a top and bottom on both the right and left sides (diagram)

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5
Q

atria

A

top 2 chambers
fill with blood returning from the lungs

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6
Q

ventricles

A

2 bottom chambers - receive blood from the atria and pump it out of body or lungs

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7
Q

septum

A

thick muscular wall - separates the atria and ventricles

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8
Q

vena cavae

A

open into the right atrium

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9
Q

superior vena cava

A

collects oxygen-poor blood coming from the head, chest, and arms

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10
Q

inferior vena cava

A

collect oxygen poor-blood from elsewhere in the body (opposite of superior vena cava)

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11
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

oxygen-poor blood enters left and right pulmonary arteries and continues to lungs for gas exchange
left side of the heart does the reverse - receives oxygen rich blood from the left and right lungs and pumps it out to body (diagram)

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12
Q

pulmonary veins

A

oxygen rich blood flows from the lungs to pulmonary veins then to the left atrium

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13
Q

left ventricle

A

left atrium pumps blood into the left ventricle, where blood going to the body tissues leaves through the largest vessel in the body, the aorta

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14
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

separates atria and ventricles

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15
Q

bicuspid valve

A

atrioventricular valve on left side, has 2 flaps

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16
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve, aortic semilunar valve

A

other 2 valves in the atrioventricular

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17
Q

open-circulatory systems

A

invertebrates
blood flows freely within the body

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18
Q

Hemolymph

A

mix of blood and fluid that surrounds the cells
pumped through a single vessel from head to abdomen
pushed from 1 chamber to the next by contractions
nutrients and wastes exchange before passed back to transporting vessel

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19
Q

ostia

A

tiny holes in the heart walls allow hemolymph to enter heart from body cavity

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20
Q

closed circulatory system

A

vertebrates, earthworms
keeps blood physically contained within vessels
blood flows in continuous path of circulation and separated from interstitial fluid

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21
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

path that blood follows from heart to lungs (deoxygenated) and back to heart (oxygenated)

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22
Q

systemic circulation

A

oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
blood returns to the heart carrying waste CO2 and re-enters pulmonary circulation

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23
Q

cardiac circulation

A

movement of blood through the heart tissues

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24
Q

blood vessels

A

3 main; artery, vein, capillary
carry blood away from heart and veins carry blood toward heart

25
arteries
carry blood away from heart highly elastic walls for expansion and contraction for blood to keep blood flowing in the right direction
26
veins
Veins carry blood toward heart not as elastic as arteries 1 way valves that prevent blood from flowing backward
27
network of capillaries....
joins arteries and arterioles with veins and venules
28
1 cell thick capillaries
site where gases, nutrients, and other materials are transferred from blood to tissue cells and then to blood
29
blood plasma
made up of 92% water and 7% dissolved protein, 1% is organic substances clear, yellowish fluid transports nutrients, gases, and waste products 55% of blood
30
formed portion of blood
solid, made up of RBC, WBC and platelets in bone marrow 45% of blood
31
RBC's
44% of total blood oxygen transport number of RBC's determine oxygen carrying capacity disk shaped, no nucleus each cell contains 280 million iron molecules of hemoglobin
32
hemoglobin
erythrocytes binds with oxygen releases oxygen into cells
33
WBC's
leukocytes bodys response to infection 1% of blood volume have nuclei 5 types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
34
neutrophils
first cell to respond to invaders
35
eosinophils
trigger allergy symptoms
36
basophils
mount immune response to pathogens, play a role in asthma
37
lymphocytes
2 forms: B and T cells B: produce antibodies that remember infection T: recognize specific foreign invaders and kill them
38
monocytes
garbage truck of immune system
39
Granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
40
agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
41
platelets
thrombocytes 3rd major substance in blood break after 7-10 days after formed clot blood
42
steps in blood clotting
1. blood vessel breaks, releases chemical that attract platelets 2. platelets rupture and release chemicals to combine with plasma and produce thromboplastin 3. thromboplastin reacts with prothrombin to produce enzyme thrombin 4. thrombin reacts with fibrinogen
43
transport in blood
absorbs nutrients from small intestine to liver carries CO2 to lungs where it is released
44
temperature regulation in blood
heat loss is controlled by changing volume of blood flowing near body surface blood vessels in skin expand to carry more blood or constricts
45
vasodilation
increase in blood flow by widening the vessels when core of body becomes hot this then turns to sweat helps lose heat rapidly
46
vasoconstriction
decrease in blood flow by narrowing blood vessels near surface of the skin reduces the amount of heat from the skin and helps conserve energy shivering increases production of heat by cellular metabolism
47
B.P is too high...
vasodilation will reduce it
48
B.P is too low
vasoconstriction will increase it
49
sinoatrial node
stimulates muscle cells to contract and relax rhythmically sets pace for cardiac activity in the wall of the right atrium
50
atrioventricular node
transmits electrical signal through a bundle of fibres called bundle of His these fibres relay signal thru 2 branches of bundles that divide into Purkinje fibres
51
stethoscope
used to listen to heart beats its diaphragm picks up sound and it goes through a tube
52
the heartbeat
repeated double beat sounds are made when different heart valves close first sound is the closing of the AV valves as blood is pumped from the atria to the ventricles second sound is the closing of the semilunar valves as blood is pumped from the ventricles into the arteries
53
electrocardiogram (ECG)
physicians use to diagnose the health of the heart P wave: SA node fires, atria contracts QRS: AV node stimulates ventricles, AV close, produces first heart sound T wave: ventricles relax, semilunar valves close, second heart sound
54
blood pressure
force exerted by blood against the vessel walls ventricles contract = force blood into the pulmonary arteries and the aorta
54
systolic pressure
max pressure during ventricular contraction or systole phase
55
measuring blood pressure
blood pressure cuff wrapped around the upper arm and inflated to exert pressure on a large artery to stop flood flow. air is let out, blood flows in again, pressure of blood against walls of artery is measured
56
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by the heart
57
stroke volume
determined by 2 factors: how easily heart fills with blood how readily blood is emptied from heart avg is 70ml and resting hr is 70bpm

Biology 11 (5 decks)

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