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a level psycology > (BRB) social psychology - prejudice (T2) > Flashcards

(BRB) social psychology - prejudice (T2) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the study that supports realistic conflict theory

A

robbers cave experiment

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2
Q

what is the study which supports social identity theory

A

minimal groups paradigm experiment

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3
Q

define prejudice

A
  • to prejudge somebody before knowing anything about them as an individual
  • it is an extreme attitude towards someone or a group which is usually negative
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4
Q

what are the 3 negative components to prejudice

A
  • cognitive -> stereotyping
  • affective-> prejudice
  • behavioural -> discrimination
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5
Q

define what stereotyping is

A
  • overgeneralised beliefs about someone or something, usually based on limited information
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6
Q

define what prejudice is

A
  • an unfavourable extreme attitude towards someone or something, common forms are racism and sexism
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7
Q

define what discrimination is

A
  • unfair treatment of categories of people
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8
Q

what is intergroup conflict

A
  • real conflict experienced between different groups
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9
Q

what are superordinate goals

A
  • goals where all members of each group needs to cooperate in order to achieve the intended outcome
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10
Q

what is the main idea of realistic conflict theory

A
  • that prejudice is a result of conflict between groups
  • the conflict arises due to competition between the groups for a values resource
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11
Q

what does realistic conflict theory suggest about solving the conflict

A
  • when groups are required to work towards superordinate goals then there is a reduction in hostility and greater harmony
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12
Q

what evidence is there to support realistic conflict theory

A
  • the theory has credibility because it is supported by evidence (sherif et als study) which shows how competition between the boys increased hostility
  • the theory has cross cultural relevance as Ember & Ember (1992) observed in tribal societies hostility increases when competition is introduced
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13
Q

what is the evidence against realistic conflict theory

A
  • sheriffs own writing suggests that the boys may have been becoming hostile towards each other before any competition was introduced
  • theory is limited because it ignores individual differences
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14
Q

what is the supporting evidence for the methodology for realistic conflict theory

A
  • the robbers cave study
  • a field study so high ecological validity
  • tasks were high in mundane realism
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15
Q

what are the applications of realistic conflict theory

A
  • has practical real world applications
  • prejudice and hostility can be reduced if they have superordinate goals e.g aronsal et al
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16
Q

what is the aim of the sherif et al study

A
  • to investigate intergroup relations over a period of time when various experimentally induced situations were introduced
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17
Q

what are the 4 stages of realistic conflict theory

A
  • perceived limited resource
  • competition occurs
  • hostility occurs
  • superordinate goals used to reduce hostility
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18
Q

what is the procedure and results from stage 1 of sherif et als study

A

procedure- first 5-6 days
- 2 groups kept separate and given teambuilding exercise to help bond
- each group made a group name
- at the end they were made aware of the other group
- experimenters used sociometric measures and experimental judgement

results- the boys bonded with their groups
- came up with group names and had a leader
- each group expressed dislike for other group and created us vs them relationship

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19
Q

what is the procedure and results from stage 2 of sherif et als study

A

procedure- next 4-6 days
- conflict was encouraged by setting up situations where they had to compete for desired prizes
- wanted to see if negative attitudes would develop
- recorded adjective’s and phrases if they were derogatory

results- competition led to immediate hostility
- eagles refused to eat with the rattlers
- groups shouted insults at each other
- raided eachothers huts + burned flags

20
Q

what is the procedure and results from stage 3 of sherif et als study

A

procedure- final 6-7 days
- designed to reduce tension + conflict
- introduced superordinate goals like removing a blockage to allow a water truck to enter
- made them watch films together

results- getting the groups together without competition didnt reduce hostility
- joint problem solving tasks did reduce hostility
- friendship increased between 2 groups

21
Q

what are the conclusions from sherif et als study

A
  • prejudice and discrimination arise without competition
  • competition increases prejudice and competition
  • when groups cooperate on tasks that are meaningful to both groups hostility decreases
22
Q

what is the generalisability like in sherif et als study (GRAVE)

A
  • may not be generalisable as the competition and way they were divided was artificial
  • sample only included 11-12 yr old white, lower middle class, protestant boys who were matched on IQ + sporting ability so not generalisable to everyone
23
Q

what is the reliability like in sherif et als study (GRAVE)

A
  • many uncontrolled extraneous variables as its a real world surrounding
24
Q

what applications are there in sherif et als study (GRAVE)

A
  • not applicable to real life situations such as inner city gangs
  • however useful in society for reducing prejudice
24
Q

what is the validity like in sherif et als study (GRAVE)

A
  • internal validity is increased as many participant variables were controlled and staff did not direct the behaviour of the boys
  • internal increases as many data collection methods were used
  • ecological validity is high as it was conducted in a real world environment
  • ecological low as the way the boys were divided was artificial and had to repeat the study 3 times to get the desired result
24
Q

what are the ethics like in sherif et als study (GRAVE)

A
  • didnt get fully informed consent as boys were unaware of the aim of the study
  • slight use of deception
  • the boys parents were infomred so consent was given
  • no right to withdraw
25
Q

what is the 2nd theory that explains how prejudice is developed

A

social identity theory (tajfel & turner)

25
Q

what is personal and social identity

A

personal- out own uniquie qualities, personality and self esteem
social- formed through membership of social groups

25
Q

what is the main idea of social identity theory

A
  • looks at souley group membership to explain prejudice
  • tajfel and turner refer to in group and out groups
26
Q

what are the 3 main processes involved with social identity theory

A
  • social categorisation
  • social identification
  • social comparison
27
Q

what is social categorisation in social identity theory

A
  • categorising ourselves into social groups involving gender and race etc
  • some groups are more relevant to some than others
  • we reduce perceived variability within the group
28
Q

what is social categorisation in social identity theory

A
  • people take on the norms and values of the groups that they have categorised themselves in
29
Q

what is social comparison in social identity theory

A
  • self esteem comes bound up with group membership
  • if self esteem is to be maintained, out group needs to compare well against other groups
  • this is done by in group favouritism and negative out group bias
30
Q

what does heterogeneous mean in social identity theory

A
  • all members of groups are different (unique)
31
Q

what does homogenous mean in social identity theory

A
  • all members of a group are similar/ equal
32
Q

when tajfel and other conducted a series of minimal experiments to test if just group membership could create prejudice what were the group members

A
  • randomly and arbitrarily created
  • there is no contact between group members
  • membership of groups is anonymised
  • the tokens used as a form of currency to allocate rewards
  • punishments have no intrinsic value
33
Q

what is the evidence from minimal group theory to support social identity theory

A
  • tajfel et al conducted a study on 64 Bristol school boys whom were assigned to meaningless groups
  • the boys were asked to allocate points (money) to the boys in their own group or other groups, using matrix
  • tajfel found that the boys tended to allocate more points to those in their own group showing in group favouritism
34
Q

when evaluating social identity theory what is the evidence to support it

A
  • theory is supported by tajfels study which increases credability
  • also supported by jane Elliot which showed that social categorisation, where students were divided into blue eyed and brown eyed groups, could lead to prejudice and discrimination
35
Q

when evaluating social identity theory what is the evidence against it

A
  • its possible that tajfels results could be better explained by competition between the boys rather than favouritism meaning RCT is better explanation
  • theory may not apply cross culturally so less generalisable
  • theory does not explain individual differences
36
Q

when evaluating social identity theory what are the positive points about methodology

A
  • the study was well controlled with an IV and a DV which means cause and effect can be inferred
37
Q

when evaluating social identity theory what are the negative points about methodology

A
  • conducted in lab experiments, meaning demand characteristics could be present
  • using a matrix to allocate the money was artificial meaning they lack mundane realism
38
Q

when evaluating social identity theory what are the positive points about applications

A
  • can explain issues as diverse as conflict between football teams and religious and racial groups
  • it also has practical applications as it can be used to reduce prejudice in society
39
Q

how does social identity theory suggest prejudice can be reduced

A
  • encouraging people to see themselves as a larger social identity can combat out group discrimination
  • e.g housewives in segregated housing areas were more likely to have a negative view of their opposing race compared to those in non segregated housing areas who views them as friends as they spoke at laundry plants
40
Q

what is an alternative theory to social identity theory

A
  • realistic conflict theory
41
Q

what is ethnocentrism

A
  • belief that ones own ethnic group is superior to anothers
42
Q

what is conservatism

A
  • a belief in tradition and social order with a dislike for change
43
Q

what is anti-democratic

A
  • views that oppose the fair election of government and majority rule

a level psycology (8 decks)

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