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a level psycology > (BRB) social and cognitive psychology (PP2) > Flashcards

(BRB) social and cognitive psychology (PP2) Flashcards

1
Q

what are some experimental methods

A

lab experiments and field experiments

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2
Q

what are some non-experimental methods

A

observations, questionaries and interviews and case studies

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3
Q

what is the fundamental difference between the experimental method and non-experimental method

A
  • the amount o control variables used
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4
Q

define a questionnaire

A
  • a self report data collection method consisting of a series of carefully structured questions given to participants in a standardised manner
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5
Q

what are the principles of a questionnaire design

A
  • all questions are valid and objective
  • fit for purpose (to the point)
  • filler questions
  • sequence of questions
  • standardised procedures
  • pilot studies
  • ethical issues (low levels of deception may be necessary)
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6
Q

what are leading questions in a questionnaire

A
  • questions where the correct answer is prompted
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7
Q

what are socially desirable answers in a questionnaire

A
  • where the respondents give an answer that reflects what they think they ought to say to present themselves in a positive light
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8
Q

what are open questions

A
  • allow respondents to express themselves freely in their own words and without constraints (usually qualitative data)
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9
Q

what are closed questions

A
  • give the participants a set range of answers to choose from, also known as fixed questions
  • (usually quantitative data)
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10
Q

what is a likert scale

A
  • allows people to show how much they agree of disagree with a statement
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11
Q

what is a ranked scale item

A
  • participants asked to give a number to represent their views
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12
Q

what is split half method

A
  • establishes internal reliability
  • the set of questions are split in half (randomly) and have cores from each half compared
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13
Q

what is sematic difference scale

A
  • people are asked to place a mark on a line to represent their feelings/opinions
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14
Q

what are the strengths of questionnaires

A
  • high reliability because standardised procedures are used, the test retest method can be used establish reliability
  • the standardised procedures act as controls for extraneous variables
  • the researcher does not need to be present to administer the questionnaire which means people could be more willing to be truthful
  • larger amount of data can be collected cheaply and quickly
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15
Q

what are the weaknesses of questionnaires

A
  • often use closed questions which limits validity as participants have no opportunity to express their full ideas
  • if the purpose of the questionnaire is obvious then demand characteristics can cause socially desirable answers
  • participants may misunderstand questions which limits validity
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16
Q

define what interviews are and why they might be used

A

face to face verbal questioning of the participant
- will be used when a lot of detail is needed on the topic

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17
Q

what are the different types of interviews

A
  • structured interviews
  • unstructured interviews
  • semi-structured interviews
18
Q

what are structured interviews

A
  • predetermined questions given in a set order
  • usually use closed questions and quantitative data is collected
  • usually standardised
19
Q

what are unstructured interviews

A
  • questions are not in a set format
  • informal in atmosphere and non-directive
  • researchers may have a set topic area but the exact phrasing of the questions is left to the interviewer
  • usually open questions and qualitative data
20
Q

what are semi-structured interviews

A
  • set questions but some will allow the interviewer more chance to explore the answers further
  • quant and qual data
21
Q

what is good practise in interviews

A
  • important that the interviewee feels at ease and understands the questions being asked
  • important the interviewer establishes rapport which includes responding to non- verbal communication and good listening skills
  • avoid leading questions
22
Q

can cause and effect be established with an interview

A
  • no as there is no way to control all the variables
23
Q

define what thematic analysis is

A
  • technique used for the analysis of qual data - identifying and addressing patterns in qual data allowing conclusions to be drawn
24
Q

what are the 6 steps of thematic analysis in order

A
  • 1) familiarisation with the data
  • 2) coding
  • 3) searching for themes
  • 4) reviewing themes
  • 5) defining and naming themes
  • 6) writing up
25
Q

what are the strengths of thematic analysis

A
  • the data remains rich and qualitative when identifying themes
  • reduction of large amounts of qual data into manageable summary allowing conclusions to be drawn
  • validity remains high
26
Q

what are the weaknesses of thematic analysis

A
  • researcher might have themes in mind when they do the initial coding so the themes may come from the researcher instead of the data, reducing validity
  • reliability is also affected by this
  • time consuming and a very highly skilled task
27
Q

whats the difference between experimental methods and experimental designs

A
  • methods are concerned with the overall type of experiment and design is concerned with how we allocate participants
28
Q

what is the single blind

A
  • a control for demand characteristics
  • participants do not know the aim of the experiment so they dont change their behaviour
  • low levels of deception are necessary
29
Q

what is the double blind

A
  • a control for demand characteristics and experimenter effects
  • participants and experimenters do not know the aim of the study
30
Q

what is the experimental condition

A
  • participants experience the main condition of the IV
31
Q

what is the control condition

A
  • condition that gives the researcher a baseline for comparison
32
Q

what are the 3 experimental designs

A
  • independent groups
  • repeated measures
  • matched pairs
33
Q

define independent groups

A
  • different participants for each section
34
Q

define repeated measures

A
  • same participants for each section
35
Q

define matched pairs

A
  • different participants in each section but same for more important IV
36
Q

advantages of independent groups

A
  • no order effects
  • less demand characteristics
  • same test for both conditions
37
Q

advantages of repeated measures

A
  • participant variables are constant
  • fewer participants required
38
Q

advantages of matched pairs

A
  • participant variables controlled
  • no order effects
  • demand characteristics controlled
  • same test for both conditions
39
Q

disadvantages of independent groups

A
  • participant variables may affect the results
  • more participants required
40
Q

disadvantages of repeated measures

A
  • demand characteristics may be more obvious
  • order effects may confound results
  • different but equivalent tasks may need to be designed for each
41
Q

disadvantages of matched pairs

A
  • matching participants is difficult (perfectly)
  • process may be biased to experimenter effects
  • more participants are required
  • attrition may occur which means you lose data from both participant

a level psycology (4 decks)

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