(Abby) issues for psychology as a science (cp1) Flashcards
what is a confederate
a person who takes part in the research experiment but is not a true participant as they are working with the researcher
what are the 2 reasons to consider issues in psychological research
- to safeguard the interest of the participants
- society in general has expectations of high standards of moral behaviour from scientists
what is the BPS code of ethics and conduct and what year is it from
- 2009
- uphold the highest standards of professionalism and promote ethical behaviour, attitudes and judgements
whats the quote you need o know about psychology from the british psychological society
- “psychology works towards the improvement of the human condition”
what is the aim of the BPS code on conduct (2009)
- provide ethical standards which apply to all
- provides framework for guiding the decision making for all members
what are the 4 principles of the BPS code on conduct (2009)
- respect
- competence
- integrity
- responsibility
why are animals used in psychological research
- difficult to justify research with animals as its not always obvious that it will have a benefit for humans
- some experiments are deemed unethical to use on humans
what are the similarities between humans and rats
- brain structure
- neurotransmitters are similar but NOT identical
how are animals “good participants”
- they do not try to understand the purpose of the experiment
- more controllable
- highly reliable as its easily replicated
- faster breading cycles for heredity experiments, nature vs nurture debate
what are some practical applications of animal findings
- training of animal helpers e.g police dogs and guide dogs
what does the the BPS code on conduct (2009) state when conducting research involving animals
- psychologists should observe the highest standards of animal welfare including reduction of any pain or suffering, distress or boredom
- avoid the infliction of any of these conditions which cannot be strictly justified
what are the eight guidelines for psychologists working with animals
- legislation
- replacing the use of animals
- choice of species
- number of animals
- procedures
- procurement of animals
- animal care
- disposing of animals
what are the 3 rs
- replacement
- reduction
- refinement
what does replacement mean
- animals are replaced with non-animal alternatives wherever possible
what does reduced mean
- the number of animals used is reduced to a minimum
what does refinement mean
- procedures on animals are refined as much as possible to reduce suffering
what are the 3 licences needed before testing on animals ?
P-ersonal
P-roject
E-stablishment
what is a personal licence needed for
- needed by each person carrying out procedures on animals
what is a project licence for
- the particular program of research
what is an establishment licence needed for
- for the place that the work is carried out
what is the animal welfare acts and what year
- (2006)
- updates the protection of animals (1911) act
what is the definition of risk management
- the forecasting and evaluation of ethical risks with the identification of procedures to avoid or minimise their impact
what is an ethical dilemma
- a situation in which two moral principles conflict with each other
what are the 4 steps in order of the cost-benefit analysis in risk management
- identify the risk
- assess the risk
- plan response to risk
- implement a response
what did Bateson propose in 1986
- a cost-benefits model for risk management in the use of animals in psychological research
what is inter-observer reliability
- the extent to which different observers produce the same records when they observe the same sequence of behaviour
what is internal validity
extent to which a test or measure of human behaviour accurately measures what it is suppose to
what is concurrent validity
- a way of assessing validity by comparing the results of a measure with another already established measure of the same behaviour
what is predictive validity
- refers to how well a test or measure predicts future behaviours
what is ecological validity
- the extent to which a research finding obtained in one environment or situation can be generalised to a different environment or situation
what is generalisability
- refers to the extent to which finding of a piece of research can be applied beyond the research itself
