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Head/Neck > Branchial Arches > Flashcards

Branchial Arches Flashcards

1
Q

What are branchial sinuses?

A

Openings along anterior border of sternomastoid due to failure of 2nd pharyngeal groove and cervical sinus to obliterate

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2
Q

What is the terminal fate of the posterior branchial arches?

A

Arch 2 enlarges and grows over the posterior arches, forming a sinus (cervical sinus) that typically goes away by week 7

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3
Q

What nerve(s) derive from branchial arch I?

A

Trigeminal (V)

branchial arch I has a maxillary and mandibular component and the ophthalmic component is a pretrematic branch

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4
Q

What is Pierre-Robin Syndrome?

A

Mandibular underdevelopment + cleft palate + defects of eyes and ear

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5
Q

What arteries derive from branchial arch I?

A

Part of maxillary artery

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6
Q

What muscles form from branchial arch IV/VI?

A

Levator veli palatini

Pharyngeal constrictors

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Cricothyroid

Esophageal striated muscles

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7
Q

What is the terminal structure that ectoderm forms?

A

Epidermis and sensory neurons of the epibranchial ganglia

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8
Q

What structures form from the floor of branchial arch II?

A

Foramen cecum, thyroid gland

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9
Q

What cranial nerve forms from branchial arch III?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve

pretrematic branch: tympanic

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10
Q

What structure forms from the groove/cleft of branchial arch I?

A

External auditory meatus

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11
Q

What structure forms from the pouch of branchial arch I?

A

Middle ear chamber + eustachian tube

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12
Q

What cartilaginous bones form from branchial arch II rods?

A

Stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid and upper part of the body

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13
Q

What cartilaginous bones derive from arch rods of branchial arch I?

A

Malleus, incus

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14
Q

What arteries are associated with branchial arch III?

A

Internal carotid

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15
Q

What ligaments derive from arch rods of branchial arch I?

A

Anterior ligament of the malleus, sphenomandibular ligament

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16
Q

What muscles derive from branchial arch I?

A

Muscles of mastication

anterior belly of digastric, myohyoid, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani

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17
Q

What cartilaginous bones form from branchial arch IV/VI rods?

A

Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid cartilages

Corniculate, cuneiform cartilages

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18
Q

What arteries form from branchial arch IV/VI?

A

Right subclavian, left aorta, ductus arteriosus

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19
Q

What are branchial cysts?

A

Spherical or elongate cysts that are (usually) remnants of the 2nd pharyngeal groove and develop along the anterior border of the sternomastoid muscle

20
Q

What ligaments form from branchial arch II rods?

A

Stylohyoid ligament

21
Q

What muscles derive from branchial arch II?

A

Muscles of facial expression

posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius, auricular muscles

22
Q

What is the terminal structure that mesoderm forms?

A

Musculature and endothelial cells

23
Q

What is a pouch transformation anomaly?

A

Failure of 3rd and 4th arch pouches to differentiate into thymus and parathyroid glands (ex. DiGeorge Syndrome)

24
Q

What is first (mandibular) arch syndrome?

A

A syndrome that leads to various malformations in mandible, palate, ears that results from insufficient migration of neural crest cells into the 1st arch around week 4

25
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with branchial arch IV/VI?

A

Vagus nerve (superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal)

26
Q

What are the external features of branchial arch 1?

A

Maxilla, mandible, pinna of ear

27
Q

What structures form from the puch of branchial arch III?

A

Tymus, inferior parathyroid

28
Q

What membrane forms from branchial arch I?

A

Tympanic membrane

29
Q

What structure forms from the floor of branchial arch I?

A

Distal tongue buds

30
Q

What is the importance of neural crest cell migration?

A

Wk 4 - neural crest cells migrate into developping arches and form cartilaginous rods that develop into the skeleton and connective tissue of much of the face

31
Q

What structure forms from the pouch of branchial arch II?

A

Palatine tonsil

32
Q

What structures form from the floor of branchial arch III?

A

Hypobranchial eminence

33
Q

What arteries form from branchial arch II?

A

Stapedial (degenerates before birth)

34
Q

What is the terminal structure that endoderm forms?

A

Epithelial lining of the pharynx, forming taste buds + thyroid + parathyroid + thymus

35
Q

What cartilaginous bones are formed from branchial arch III rods?

A

Greater horn of hyoid and lower part of body

36
Q

What structures form from the pouch of branchial arch IV/VI?

A

Superior parathyroid, postbranchial body

37
Q

What are branchial fistulas?

A

Canal opening internally into tonsillar sinus and externally onto side of neck resulting from persistence of 2nd pharyngeal groove and puch

38
Q

What structures form from the floor of branchial arch IV/VI?

A

Hypobranchial eminence

39
Q

What external features form from branchial arch II?

A

Pinna of ear, side of neck

40
Q

What are branchial vestiges?

A

Cartilaginous or bony remnants of branchial arch cartilages which do not fully transform/disappear

typically anterior to inferior third of sternocleidomastoid muscle

41
Q

What is treacher-collins syndrome?

A

Zygomatic underdevelopment + downward slanting palpebral fissures + defects of lower eyelids + deformed external ears + abnormalities of middle and internal ears

42
Q

What is the terminal structure that neural crest ectomesenchyme forms?

A

Skeletal and connective tissues of the arches

43
Q

What is the basic structure of the branchial arches?

A

Externally lined with ectoderm, internally lined with endoderm

Arches separated by grooves externally and internally by pouches

Each arch has a cartilaginous supportive rod, musculature, blood supply, and a nerve

44
Q

What muscles form from branchial arch III?

A

Stylopharyngeus

45
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with branchial arch II?

A

Facial nerve (VII)

pretrematic branch = chorda tympani

46
Q

What bones derive from the migrated ectomesenchyme of branchial arch I?

A

Mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, pterygoid plates of sphenoid, squamous and tympanic temporal

Head/Neck (17 decks)

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