Brainstem

Question 1

What makes up the diencephalon?

Answer 1

• Thalamus

- Hypothalamus

Question 2

What is the Fornix?

Answer 2

-bundle of fibers that connects the hippocampus to the mammilary bodies/thalamus/hippocampus region

Question 3

What makes up the basal ganglia?

Answer 3

• Striatum (caudate & Putamen)
• Globus pallidus
• substantia nigra
• nucleus accumbens
• subthalamic nucleus

Question 4

What is another name for the genu?

Answer 4

Internal capsule

Question 5

Where is the hippocampus?

Answer 5

• bulging into the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle

- posterior to the amygdala

Question 6

What are the input and output of the Ventrolateral nucleus of the Thalamus?

Answer 6

Input: basal ganglia and cerebellum

Output: to cortex to help with motor control

Question 7

What are the input and output of the Ventral posterior lateral (VPL) and Ventral posterior medial (VPM) nuclei of the thalamus?

Answer 7

Input: Somatosensory (dorsal column) and spinothalamic tract

Output: post-central gyrus of cortex

Question 8

What is the septal area of the limbic system?

Answer 8

-reward center, DA

Question 9

What functions are the cerebellum involved in besides movement?

Answer 9

• blood pressure
• breathing rhythm
• cognition (emotion)
• Language

Question 10

What are the three lobes of the cerebellum?

Answer 10

• Anterior lobe
• posterior lobe
• Flocculonodular lobe

Question 11

What are the inputs to the anterior lobe of the cerebellum?

Answer 11

=spinocerebellum

-all areas of the spinal cord

Question 12

What is the posterior lobe of the cerebellum involved in?

Answer 12

planning of voluntary activity

Question 13

What is the function of the flocculonodular lobe?

Answer 13

=vestibulocerebellum

-maintenance of balance and control of eye movements

Question 14

What are the four nuclei of the cerebellum?

Answer 14

• fastigial nucleus (Medal)
• globose nucleus
• emboliform nucleus
• dentate nucleus (Lateral)

“Fat Guys Eat Doughnuts”

Question 15

What does the superior cerebellar peduncle connect?

Answer 15

-cerebellum to midbrain

Question 16

What does the middle cerebellar peduncle connect?

Answer 16

cerebellum to pons

Question 17

What does the superior cerebellar peduncle connect?

Answer 17

cerebellum to medulla oblongata

Question 18

What are the three gray matter layers of the cerebellum?

Answer 18

• molecular layer
• purkinje cell layer
• granular layer

Question 19

What are the two main afferents to the cerebellar cortex?

Answer 19

• mossy fibers

- climbing fibers

Question 20

What is the output of the cerebellar cortex?

Answer 20

purkinje cell axons (via deep cerebellar nuclei)

Question 21

What does the granule cell of the cerebellum do?

Answer 21

• send excitatory input to purkinje cells via parallel fibers
• relay mossy fiber information to purkinje cells

Question 22

What are the three major sources of afferents to the cerebellum?

Answer 22

• spinal cord
• vestibular system
• cerebral cortex

Question 23

What are the three afferent fiber tracts within the cerebellum?

Answer 23

• climbing fiber system
• mossy fiber system
• multilayerd fiber system

Question 24

What are the basic functions involving the pons?

Answer 24

• sleep/arousal
• autonomic functions (respiration)
• major link between cerebral cortex & cerebellum

Question 25

What are the two principle regions of the pons?

Answer 25

• Basis pontis (ventral)

- Pontine Tegmentum (dorsal)

Question 26

What is contained within the Basis pontis?

Answer 26

• corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

- pontine nuclei (raphe nuclei, locus ceruleus)

Question 27

What is contained within the pontine tegmentum?

Answer 27

• CN nuclei
• reticular formation
• respiratory centers

Question 28

What neurotransmitter do the raphe nuclei use?

Answer 28

5-HT

Question 29

What neurotransmitter does the locus ceruleus use?

Answer 29

Norepinephrine