brainscape_flashcards_final_80

Question 1

Question/Term

Answer 1

Answer/Definition

Question 2

What is the Triune Brain Model?

Answer 2

It divides the brain into three parts: the reptilian brain (survival functions), the limbic brain (emotions), and the neocortex (abstract thought).

Question 3

What is Oxytocin’s role in bonding?

Answer 3

Oxytocin facilitates bonding, especially in mother-infant relationships, and reduces stress.

Question 4

Who developed Attachment Theory?

Answer 4

John Bowlby proposed Attachment Theory, suggesting that early attachment behaviors are evolutionary survival strategies.

Question 5

What is Dopamine’s function in the brain?

Answer 5

Dopamine is involved in reward circuitry and reinforces behaviors; it’s often elevated during romantic attraction.

Question 6

What are key types of love in ancient Greece?

Answer 6

Eros (sexual passion), Philia (deep friendship), Storge (familial love), Ludos (playful love), Agape (universal love).

Question 7

What is Bowlby’s impact on institutional care?

Answer 7

His work led to changes in institutional care practices, advocating for continuous mother-child relationships for mental health.

Question 8

How did Harry Harlow study maternal attachment?

Answer 8

Harlow used rhesus monkeys to demonstrate that social isolation results in psychological distress.

Question 9

What are SSRIs and how do they work?

Answer 9

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) increase serotonin in the synapse, improving mood and emotional stability.

Question 10

What is the ‘Science of Neglect’?

Answer 10

Experiments by Rene Spitz and others showed that emotional deprivation in children leads to developmental issues.

Question 11

What is Fromm’s concept of mature love?

Answer 11

Mature love is defined by giving rather than receiving, and it requires discipline, concentration, and patience.

Question 12

What are neurotransmitters involved in love?

Answer 12

Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, oxytocin, vasopressin.

Question 13

What happens when dopamine is elevated in the nucleus accumbens?

Answer 13

It increases preference for partners, reinforcing romantic bonding.

Question 14

What are the three systems related to love?

Answer 14

Sex drive, attraction, and attachment.

Question 15

What is the role of serotonin in love?

Answer 15

Serotonin levels may decrease during romantic attraction, linking love to obsessive thoughts.

Question 16

What did Mary Ainsworth discover?

Answer 16

She developed the Strange Situation procedure and identified secure and insecure attachment styles.

Question 17

What is the impact of oxytocin on relationships?

Answer 17

High oxytocin levels correlate with stronger relationships and increased social bonding.

Question 18

What are the characteristics of secure attachment?

Answer 18

Trust, mutual support, and the use of the caregiver as a safe base for exploration.

Question 19

How does norepinephrine affect attraction?

Answer 19

It heightens arousal and alertness, playing a role in attraction.

Question 20

What is the significance of mirror neurons?

Answer 20

They allow individuals to empathize and understand others’ emotions by mirroring their actions.

Question 21

What is Bowlby’s attachment theory?

Answer 21

Attachment behaviors evolved as survival strategies to keep infants close to caregivers.

Question 22

What was the result of Spitz’s study on ‘hospitalism’?

Answer 22

Children deprived of caregiving beyond 5 months showed severe mental deterioration.

Question 23

What did Harry Harlow’s experiments reveal?

Answer 23

Monkeys deprived of maternal contact displayed severe emotional issues.

Question 24

What is the importance of dopamine in addiction and love?

Answer 24

Dopamine reinforces behaviors, making love and addictive substances similarly compelling.

Question 25

What are the stages of childhood friendships?

Answer 25

Friendships evolve from companionship (ages 4-7) to mutual trust (ages 8-10) and loyalty (ages 11-15).

Question 26

What is the Red Queen Hypothesis?

Answer 26

It posits that species must evolve continuously to survive against ever-changing threats.

Question 27

What are the traits of popular children?

Answer 27

They are sociable, cooperative, emotionally aware, and adaptable.

Question 28

How do SSRIs affect emotions?

Answer 28

SSRIs increase serotonin levels, improving mood but may reduce the intensity of romantic attraction.

Question 29

What is Fromm’s view on love?

Answer 29

Love is an art requiring discipline, concentration, and the ability to overcome narcissism.

Question 30

What is ‘primary narcissism’ according to Freud?

Answer 30

It describes a newborn’s focus on self, which later shifts outward as they depend on others.

Question 31

What is the function of the mammalian brain?

Answer 31

The limbic system governs emotions, memory, and habits.

Question 32

What is the role of the neocortex in the brain?

Answer 32

It manages abstract thought, planning, language, and conscious motor control.

Question 33

What did George Saunders emphasize in his speech?

Answer 33

He highlighted the importance of kindness as a life principle.

Question 34

What did the Oneida Community practice?

Answer 34

They believed in ‘complex marriage,’ where romantic exclusivity was discouraged.

Question 35

What does the Kama Sutra teach?

Answer 35

It offers guidance on relationships, courtship, and maintaining desire in marriage.

Question 36

How does oxytocin influence maternal behavior?

Answer 36

Oxytocin promotes bonding, stabilizes emotions, and helps mothers respond to infants.

Question 37

What are the components of non-verbal communication?

Answer 37

Facial expressions, body language, touch, and tone of voice.

Question 38

What is the ‘need to belong’ theory?

Answer 38

Humans require close relationships for mental well-being and health.

Question 39

What are expressive and instrumental traits?

Answer 39

Expressive traits include warmth and sensitivity, while instrumental traits involve assertiveness and ambition.

Question 40

What is the role of vasopressin in love?

Answer 40

It supports pair bonding, particularly in males, and promotes attachment.

Question 41

What are the characteristics of unhealthy self-love?

Answer 41

It is narcissistic, self-obsessive, and focused on personal gain.

Question 42

What is the role of endorphins in emotional bonding?

Answer 42

Endorphins help regulate emotional and physical pain, promoting feelings of pleasure and attachment.

Question 43

How does separation affect infant mammals?

Answer 43

Separation from the mother can trigger distress calls, which cease when the infant is comforted.

Question 44

What are the main neurotransmitters linked to stress responses?

Answer 44

Norepinephrine and epinephrine, both involved in the fight-or-flight response.

Question 45

What is the Strange Situation Procedure?

Answer 45

A method developed by Mary Ainsworth to assess attachment styles in children.

Question 46

What did Konrad Lorenz discover about imprinting?

Answer 46

Young animals bond instinctively with the first moving object they see.

Question 47

How does cultural influence shape relationships?

Answer 47

Cultural norms affect views on marriage, cohabitation, and divorce.

Question 48

What is the importance of proximity in attraction?

Answer 48

Being physically close to someone increases familiarity and attraction.

Question 49

What is instrumental love?

Answer 49

Love based on how a person helps us achieve our personal goals.

Question 50

What is the impact of maternal deprivation according to Rene Spitz?

Answer 50

Prolonged separation from a caregiver can cause developmental and emotional damage.

Question 51

How do prairie voles demonstrate pair bonding?

Answer 51

Increased dopamine and oxytocin levels foster monogamous relationships.

Question 52

What is the significance of ‘mirror neurons’ in empathy?

Answer 52

They enable us to feel and understand others’ emotions by mirroring their actions.

Question 53

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex in relationships?

Answer 53

It helps regulate emotions, decision-making, and impulse control.

Question 54

What is Ludos love?

Answer 54

Playful love that involves fun and flirtation, often seen in young relationships.

Question 55

What is Agape love?

Answer 55

Selfless love extended to all people, emphasizing compassion and kindness.

Question 56

What are ‘expressive traits’?

Answer 56

Traits like warmth, sensitivity, and compassion, typically associated with emotional connection.

Question 57

What are ‘instrumental traits’?

Answer 57

Traits like assertiveness, ambition, and decisiveness, often linked to goal-oriented behavior.

Question 58

What did Stephen Mitchell argue about fantasy in love?

Answer 58

He believed fantasy and idealization are essential parts of romantic relationships.

Question 59

What does the ‘sex drive system’ in the brain control?

Answer 59

It motivates individuals to seek sexual union and gratification.

Question 60

What role does oxytocin play in labor and breastfeeding?

Answer 60

Oxytocin triggers contractions during childbirth and promotes milk production during breastfeeding.

Question 61

What are ‘taboo topics’ in relationships?

Answer 61

Subjects partners avoid discussing, often to maintain harmony in the relationship.

Question 62

What is ‘parent-infant attunement’?

Answer 62

It describes how well a parent responds to an infant’s emotional needs.

Question 63

What is the ‘need for mutuality’ in relationships?

Answer 63

Partners recognize and support each other, viewing themselves as a team.

Question 64

How does norepinephrine affect behavior?

Answer 64

It heightens vigilance and attention, especially during stress or attraction.

Question 65

What are the ‘phases of love’ according to neuroscience?

Answer 65

Sex drive, attraction, and attachment are sequential phases of love.

Question 66

How does serotonin influence obsessive thoughts in relationships?

Answer 66

Low serotonin levels during early attraction may lead to obsessive thinking.

Question 67

What did Fromm mean by ‘love is a verb’?

Answer 67

Love requires ongoing effort, action, and commitment.

Question 68

How does attachment impact adulthood relationships?

Answer 68

Early attachment patterns influence expectations and behavior in future relationships.

Question 69

What is the ‘holding environment’ concept by Winnicott?

Answer 69

It refers to the emotional support provided by a caregiver to help a child develop autonomy.

Question 70

What is the role of play in mammalian development?

Answer 70

Play fosters social skills, emotional regulation, and bonding.

Question 71

What is ‘hospitalism’ according to Rene Spitz?

Answer 71

A severe form of developmental deterioration due to long-term emotional deprivation.

Question 72

What is ‘anaclitic depression’?

Answer 72

A condition in infants resulting from the loss of a primary caregiver.

Question 73

What are ‘social competence’ traits?

Answer 73

Skills that enable individuals to interact successfully in social settings.

Question 74

How does testosterone influence attraction?

Answer 74

Higher testosterone levels are associated with increased sexual attraction and competitiveness.

Question 75

What is the function of vasopressin in prairie voles?

Answer 75

It promotes pair bonding, especially in male voles.

Question 76

What is ‘conditional love’ according to Fromm?

Answer 76

Love based on meeting specific expectations or fulfilling obligations.

Question 77

What is the ‘mere exposure effect’?

Answer 77

Repeated exposure to someone or something increases positive feelings toward it.

Question 78

What is ‘mutual trust’ in a relationship?

Answer 78

Both partners feel secure that the other will act in their best interest.

Question 79

What are the physiological signs of attraction?

Answer 79

Increased heart rate, sweating, and pupil dilation.

Question 80

How do animals use grooming for bonding?

Answer 80

Grooming promotes social bonds by releasing endorphins and reducing stress.

Question 81

What is the role of dopamine in prairie voles?

Answer 81

It reinforces partner preference and monogamous behavior by increasing dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.