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Peds > brainPt1 > Flashcards

brainPt1 Flashcards

1
Q

ectoderm differentiates into? (9)

A

nervous system:

  • brain
  • spine
  • peripheral nerves

epidermis, nails, hair, lining of mouth, nose, and anus

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2
Q

embryology of brain?

A
  • ectoderm forms a neural plate
  • crease appears on a plate that becomes a groove
  • groove deepens and neural folds join to form a neural tube
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3
Q

Each end of neural tube has neuropores

what happened with them?

A
  • They will be closed soon after
  • If anterior neuropore doesn’t close – anencepahly
  • If posterior end doesn’t close – spina bifida, pilondial cyst
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4
Q

After closure of both ends of the neural tube , anterior end develops into three vesicles?

A
  • forebrain
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain
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5
Q

what does the forebrain contain?

A
  • cerebrum (includes cerebral cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
  • diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
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6
Q

what does the midbrain contain?

A

midbrain (part of the brainstem)

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7
Q

what does the hindbrain contain?

A
  • pons (part of brain stem), cerebellum

- medulla oblongata (part of brainstrem)

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8
Q

cranial sonography is the primary modality for screening and follow-up of? (3)

A
  • intracranial hemorrhage (ICH)
  • hydrocephalus
  • congential anomalies of the neonatal brain
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9
Q

where is cranial sonography performed?

A

in neonatal intensive care units

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10
Q

sonographic exam and technique of cranial sonography?

A
  • small footprint high frequency transducer 7-10MHz

- 5-7MHz for older infants with closing frontanelles or infants with a large amount of hair

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10
Q

sonographic exam and technique of cranial sonography?

A
  • small footprint high frequency transducer 7-10MHz

- 5-7MHz for older infants with closing frontanelles or infants with a large amount of hair

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11
Q

Preterm infants are at risk for?

A

infection due to their immature immune system

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12
Q

3 windows that may be used to view the neonatal brain?

A
  • anterior frontanelle (standard)
  • posterior frontanelle (supplemental)
  • mastoid frontanelle/ posterolateral (supplemental)
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13
Q

closure of the anterior frontanelle begins at what month? when does it close?

A
  • begins at 9 month until it closes at 15 months
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14
Q

it is rare to scan the pediatric brain after what month?

A

9 months

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15
Q

Timing is essential for detection of hemorrhagic or ischemic brain damage when should you scan for a hemorrhage?

A
  • A scan soon after birth will give information regarding prenatal onset of the lesions
  • Hemorrhagic lesions mostly become visible within hours after the incident –develop around birth or few days after
  • Ischemic lesions need time to develop-can be seen weeks after
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16
Q

what is a frontanelle?

A
  • a soft spot between crainial bones
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17
Q

Anterior fontanelle is formed where?

A

at the junction of the coronal. sagittal, and frontal sutures

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18
Q

the posterior frontanelle is formed?

A

by the junction of the lambdoid and sagittal sutures

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19
Q

mastoid frontanelle is located?

A
  • at the junction of the lambdoid and occipital sutures
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20
Q

define Cerebrum?

- what is it joined by

A

Largest section of the brain, divided into two hemispheres joined by the corpus callosum

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21
Q

define corpus callosum?

A

Largest white matter structure in the brain; contains nerve tracts that allow communication between the right and left hemispheres

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22
Q

define cerebral cortex?

A

the outermost layer of the cerebrum

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23
Q

what is the flax cortex?

A

fold of dura matter that divides the 2 hemispheres of the brain

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24
Q

define cerebellum?

A

Posterior portion of the brain, composed of two hemispheres

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25
Q

define choroid plexus?

A

Echogenic cluster of cells located within the lateral ventricles responsible for the production of CSF

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26
Q

define thalmus?

A

paired ovoid structures in the central brain

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27
Q

function of meninges?

A
  • 3 protective membranes called the meniges cover/ protect the brain and spinal cord
28
Q

3 layers on meninges?

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid
  3. pia mater
29
Q

dura mater?

A

outer layer and most resilient

30
Q

arachnoid layer of meninges?

A
  • between the dura and pia

- contains subarachnoid space with CSF

31
Q

Pia mater layer of meninges?

A
  • surrounds the surface of the cerebral cortex
32
Q

central nervous system includes?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

33
Q

function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • CSF surrounds the brain and the spinal cord
  • Acts like a buffer to help cushion the brain and spinal cord from injury
  • Balanced between production and absorption of the fluid
34
Q

3 divisions of the brain?

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. cerebellum
  3. brainstem
35
Q

largest division of the brain?

A

cerebrum

36
Q

what is the cerebrum divided into?

A
  • right and left cerebral hemispheres

- cortex (grey matter), white matter

37
Q

what are the right and left cerebral hemispheres separated by?

A
  • fissure/ groove called the longitudinal fissure
38
Q

whats the flax cerebri?

A

section of dura that lies within the fissure (helps separate the hemispheres)

39
Q

the cortex is divided into what 4 lobes?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • hemispheres
40
Q

what is the lateral fissure- sylvian?

A

divides both thefrontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe on both sides

41
Q

cerebellum is responsible for what body functions?

A
  • movement and coordination
42
Q

where is the cerebellum located?

A

at the back of the brain beneath the occipital lobes

43
Q

the cerebellum is seperated from the cerebrum by the?

A

tentorium (a fold of dura)

44
Q

the cerbellum is composed of 2 hemispheres with a midline structure called?

A

vermis that connects 2 hemispheres

45
Q

what is the posterior fossa of the cerebellum?

A
  • cavity in the scull containing the cerebellum, 4th ventricle, and brain stem
46
Q

what is the brainstem?

A

a stalk-like structure connecting the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord

consisting of:

  • mid brain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
47
Q

function of the ventricular system?

A

pathway for the circulation of CSF

48
Q

what are the paired lateral ventricles?

A
  • largest

- located on either side within the cerebrum

49
Q

each lateral ventricle is divided into 4 parts, what are they?

A
  • frontal/ anterior horn
  • occipital/ posterior horn
  • body
  • temporal horn
50
Q

choroid plexus function?

A
  • production and regulation of CSF

- located in all 4 ventricles

51
Q

what is the largest portion of choroid plexus?

A
  • glomus and located within the lateral ventricles (trigone)
52
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A
  • connects the 2 sides of cerebrum
  • largest white matter structure in the brain
  • contains nerve tracts that allow communication between the right and left hemispheres of the brain
53
Q

what is the largest white matter structure in the brain?

A

corpus callosum

54
Q

what 4 things is the corpus callosum divided into?

A
  • rostrum
  • genu
  • body
  • splenium
55
Q

what does the corpus callosum form?

A

the roof for the lateral and 3rd ventricle

56
Q

what is the thalami?

A
  • paired structures of gray matter

- located in the centre of the brain, one beneath each cerebral hemisphere, next to the 3rd ventricle

57
Q

what is the cisterna megna?

A
  • fluid-filled structures that communicated with the 4th ventricle
  • lies between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of the medulla
58
Q
A
59
Q
A
60
Q

Scanning the neonatal head should be performed in a?

A

standardized manner with a specific sequence of images to highlight key anatomical structures

61
Q

how to scan the anterior frontanelle?

A
  • Scanning in the coronal plane will produce 6 to 8 images
  • Maintain side-to-side symmetry while scanning
  • Coronal images are obtained by systematically angling the transducer from the frontal lobe of the infant brain to the occipital cortex
62
Q

Frontal Lobes – scan plane 1?

A
  • Through frontal lobes at level of orbits and longitudinal fissure
  • Scan is anterior to frontal horns
63
Q

Frontal Horns – scan plane 2,3?

A
  • Frontal horns (f) appear as triangular-shaped, fluid-filled spaces separated by the cavum septum pellucidum (cp)
  • The head of the caudate nuclei (N) lie adjacent to the lateral walls of the ventricles
  • The hypoechoic corpus callosum (cc) forms the roof of the cavum
    The echogenic Y-shaped sylvian fissures (arrows) are seen laterally
64
Q

Third Ventricle – scan plane 4 is at the level of the?

A

foramina of monro

  • this is where the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle communicate
65
Q

The normal slit-like third ventricle is often difficult to visualize due to the fact that?

A

its transverse diameter often falls within the beam width

66
Q

what will allow for visualization of the 3rd ventricle?

A

slight off axis angulation will offset the beam thickness effect and will allow visualization of the 3rd ventricle

67
Q

Coronal Scan Posterior to the Third Ventricle – scan plane 5 what is seen?

A
  • The echogenic choroid plexus is seen in the floor of the lateral ventricles and the roof of the third ventricle
  • The Y-shaped sylvian fissures (SF) are seen laterally
  • echogenic tentorium
  • cerebellar hemispheres
  • cisterna magna
67
Q

Coronal Scan Posterior to the Third Ventricle – scan plane 5 what is seen?

A
  • The echogenic choroid plexus is seen in the floor of the lateral ventricles and the roof of the third ventricle
  • The Y-shaped sylvian fissures (SF) are seen laterally
  • echogenic tentorium
  • cerebellar hemispheres
  • cisterna magna

Peds (18 decks)

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