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brainPt1 Flashcards

1
Q

ectoderm differentiates into? (9)

A

nervous system:

  • brain
  • spine
  • peripheral nerves

epidermis, nails, hair, lining of mouth, nose, and anus

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2
Q

embryology of brain?

A
  • ectoderm forms a neural plate
  • crease appears on a plate that becomes a groove
  • groove deepens and neural folds join to form a neural tube
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3
Q

Each end of neural tube has neuropores

what happened with them?

A
  • They will be closed soon after
  • If anterior neuropore doesn’t close – anencepahly
  • If posterior end doesn’t close – spina bifida, pilondial cyst
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4
Q

After closure of both ends of the neural tube , anterior end develops into three vesicles?

A
  • forebrain
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain
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5
Q

what does the forebrain contain?

A
  • cerebrum (includes cerebral cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
  • diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
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6
Q

what does the midbrain contain?

A

midbrain (part of the brainstem)

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7
Q

what does the hindbrain contain?

A
  • pons (part of brain stem), cerebellum

- medulla oblongata (part of brainstrem)

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8
Q

cranial sonography is the primary modality for screening and follow-up of? (3)

A
  • intracranial hemorrhage (ICH)
  • hydrocephalus
  • congential anomalies of the neonatal brain
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9
Q

where is cranial sonography performed?

A

in neonatal intensive care units

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10
Q

sonographic exam and technique of cranial sonography?

A
  • small footprint high frequency transducer 7-10MHz

- 5-7MHz for older infants with closing frontanelles or infants with a large amount of hair

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10
Q

sonographic exam and technique of cranial sonography?

A
  • small footprint high frequency transducer 7-10MHz

- 5-7MHz for older infants with closing frontanelles or infants with a large amount of hair

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11
Q

Preterm infants are at risk for?

A

infection due to their immature immune system

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12
Q

3 windows that may be used to view the neonatal brain?

A
  • anterior frontanelle (standard)
  • posterior frontanelle (supplemental)
  • mastoid frontanelle/ posterolateral (supplemental)
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13
Q

closure of the anterior frontanelle begins at what month? when does it close?

A
  • begins at 9 month until it closes at 15 months
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14
Q

it is rare to scan the pediatric brain after what month?

A

9 months

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15
Q

Timing is essential for detection of hemorrhagic or ischemic brain damage when should you scan for a hemorrhage?

A
  • A scan soon after birth will give information regarding prenatal onset of the lesions
  • Hemorrhagic lesions mostly become visible within hours after the incident –develop around birth or few days after
  • Ischemic lesions need time to develop-can be seen weeks after
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16
Q

what is a frontanelle?

A
  • a soft spot between crainial bones
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17
Q

Anterior fontanelle is formed where?

A

at the junction of the coronal. sagittal, and frontal sutures

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18
Q

the posterior frontanelle is formed?

A

by the junction of the lambdoid and sagittal sutures

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19
Q

mastoid frontanelle is located?

A
  • at the junction of the lambdoid and occipital sutures
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20
Q

define Cerebrum?

- what is it joined by

A

Largest section of the brain, divided into two hemispheres joined by the corpus callosum

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21
Q

define corpus callosum?

A

Largest white matter structure in the brain; contains nerve tracts that allow communication between the right and left hemispheres

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22
Q

define cerebral cortex?

A

the outermost layer of the cerebrum

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23
Q

what is the flax cortex?

A

fold of dura matter that divides the 2 hemispheres of the brain

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24
define cerebellum?
Posterior portion of the brain, composed of two hemispheres
25
define choroid plexus?
Echogenic cluster of cells located within the lateral ventricles responsible for the production of CSF
26
define thalmus?
paired ovoid structures in the central brain
27
function of meninges?
- 3 protective membranes called the meniges cover/ protect the brain and spinal cord
28
3 layers on meninges?
1. dura mater 2. arachnoid 3. pia mater
29
dura mater?
outer layer and most resilient
30
arachnoid layer of meninges?
- between the dura and pia | - contains subarachnoid space with CSF
31
Pia mater layer of meninges?
- surrounds the surface of the cerebral cortex
32
central nervous system includes?
- brain | - spinal cord
33
function of cerebrospinal fluid?
- CSF surrounds the brain and the spinal cord - Acts like a buffer to help cushion the brain and spinal cord from injury - Balanced between production and absorption of the fluid
34
3 divisions of the brain?
1. cerebrum 2. cerebellum 3. brainstem
35
largest division of the brain?
cerebrum
36
what is the cerebrum divided into?
- right and left cerebral hemispheres | - cortex (grey matter), white matter
37
what are the right and left cerebral hemispheres separated by?
- fissure/ groove called the longitudinal fissure
38
whats the flax cerebri?
section of dura that lies within the fissure (helps separate the hemispheres)
39
the cortex is divided into what 4 lobes?
- frontal - parietal - occipital - hemispheres
40
what is the lateral fissure- sylvian?
divides both the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe on both sides
41
cerebellum is responsible for what body functions?
- movement and coordination
42
where is the cerebellum located?
at the back of the brain beneath the occipital lobes
43
the cerebellum is seperated from the cerebrum by the?
tentorium (a fold of dura)
44
the cerbellum is composed of 2 hemispheres with a midline structure called?
vermis that connects 2 hemispheres
45
what is the posterior fossa of the cerebellum?
- cavity in the scull containing the cerebellum, 4th ventricle, and brain stem
46
what is the brainstem?
a stalk-like structure connecting the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord consisting of: - mid brain - pons - medulla oblongata
47
function of the ventricular system?
pathway for the circulation of CSF
48
what are the paired lateral ventricles?
- largest | - located on either side within the cerebrum
49
each lateral ventricle is divided into 4 parts, what are they?
- frontal/ anterior horn - occipital/ posterior horn - body - temporal horn
50
choroid plexus function?
- production and regulation of CSF | - located in all 4 ventricles
51
what is the largest portion of choroid plexus?
- glomus and located within the lateral ventricles (trigone)
52
what is the corpus callosum?
- connects the 2 sides of cerebrum - largest white matter structure in the brain - contains nerve tracts that allow communication between the right and left hemispheres of the brain
53
what is the largest white matter structure in the brain?
corpus callosum
54
what 4 things is the corpus callosum divided into?
- rostrum - genu - body - splenium
55
what does the corpus callosum form?
the roof for the lateral and 3rd ventricle
56
what is the thalami?
- paired structures of gray matter | - located in the centre of the brain, one beneath each cerebral hemisphere, next to the 3rd ventricle
57
what is the cisterna megna?
- fluid-filled structures that communicated with the 4th ventricle - lies between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of the medulla
58
59
60
Scanning the neonatal head should be performed in a?
standardized manner with a specific sequence of images to highlight key anatomical structures
61
how to scan the anterior frontanelle?
- Scanning in the coronal plane will produce 6 to 8 images - Maintain side-to-side symmetry while scanning - Coronal images are obtained by systematically angling the transducer from the frontal lobe of the infant brain to the occipital cortex
62
Frontal Lobes – scan plane 1?
- Through frontal lobes at level of orbits and longitudinal fissure - Scan is anterior to frontal horns
63
Frontal Horns – scan plane 2,3?
- Frontal horns (f) appear as triangular-shaped, fluid-filled spaces separated by the cavum septum pellucidum (cp) - The head of the caudate nuclei (N) lie adjacent to the lateral walls of the ventricles - The hypoechoic corpus callosum (cc) forms the roof of the cavum The echogenic Y-shaped sylvian fissures (arrows) are seen laterally
64
Third Ventricle – scan plane 4 is at the level of the?
foramina of monro - this is where the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle communicate
65
The normal slit-like third ventricle is often difficult to visualize due to the fact that?
its transverse diameter often falls within the beam width
66
what will allow for visualization of the 3rd ventricle?
slight off axis angulation will offset the beam thickness effect and will allow visualization of the 3rd ventricle
67
Coronal Scan Posterior to the Third Ventricle – scan plane 5 what is seen?
- The echogenic choroid plexus is seen in the floor of the lateral ventricles and the roof of the third ventricle - The Y-shaped sylvian fissures (SF) are seen laterally - echogenic tentorium - cerebellar hemispheres - cisterna magna
67
Coronal Scan Posterior to the Third Ventricle – scan plane 5 what is seen?
- The echogenic choroid plexus is seen in the floor of the lateral ventricles and the roof of the third ventricle - The Y-shaped sylvian fissures (SF) are seen laterally - echogenic tentorium - cerebellar hemispheres - cisterna magna

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