Brain Parts And Their Functions

Question 0

Sensory trigeminal

Answer 0

Function: receives touch, pain and temperature sensations from the face
Lesion:loss of the above sensations from the face

Question 1

Pyramidal decussation

Answer 1

Function: crossing of the corticospinal tract
Lesion: weakness or paralysis of all voluntary muscles below

Question 2

Reticular nuclei

Answer 2

Function: consciousness and many other functions
Lesion: If shaken up, it causes loss of consciousness for a brief time. However, damage can result in death.

Question 3

Cerebellum

Answer 3

Function: it is responsible for the coordination of complex movements
Lesion: loss of hand, eye and other voluntary muscle coordination on the same side of the lesion

Question 4

Solitary nucleus

Answer 4

Function: receives visceral sensations that includes taste.
Lesion: damage causes loss of taste and visceral sensations

Question 5

Hypoglossal nuclei

Answer 5

Function: controls the muscles of the tongue
Lesion: causes the opposite side of the tongue to be paralysed. The tongue will deviate towards the paralysed side when protruded. Difficulty speaking and swallowing.

Question 6

Inferior olive

Answer 6

Function: fires 10 action potentials per second for the cerebellum to plan movement with precise timing.
Lesion: loss of coordination.

Question 7

Deep cerebellar nuclei

Answer 7

Function: It is the output centre for the cerebellum
Lesion: loss of coordination or aspects of coordination lost

Question 8

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Answer 8

Function: carries the olive cerebellar tract
Lesion: loss of coordination

Question 9

Cochlear nuclei

Answer 9

Function: receives auditory information from the ears
Lesion: inability to detect the direction of the sound. Hearing is less impaired as auditory information crosses over to both sides of the brain.

Question 10

Vestibular nuclei

Answer 10

Function: receives information about head position from the vestibular system
Lesion: vertigo which might be accompanied by nausea

Question 11

Facial nucleus

Answer 11

Function: controls the muscles of facial expression and glands-submandibular, sublingual and lacrimal
Lesion:drooling and paralysis of opposite side of the face

Question 12

Medial lemniscus

Answer 12

Function: compact bundle carrying fine touch and proprioception sensations from the body
Lesion: loss of these sensations on the contra lateral side.

Question 13

Superior colliculus

Answer 13

Function: it receives auditory information from the cochlear nuclei from both the sides of the body
Lesion: inability to determine the direction of the noise and partial deafness.

Question 14

Motor trigeminal

Answer 14

Function: controls the jaw muscles
Lesion: paralysis of these muscles

Question 15

Locus coeruleus

Answer 15

Function: sends noradrenaline throughout the forebrain, brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord. Awake centre and keeps the brain active
Lesion: excessive sleepiness

Question 16

Central gray

Answer 16

Function: pain modulation by the release of endogenous opioids and stimulation of serotonin fibres
Lesion: inability to control severe pain during fight or flight situations

Question 17

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Answer 17

Function: contains the Corticopontine fibres
Lesion: loss of coordination

Question 18

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Answer 18

Function: contains the fibres that transmits feedback to the motor cortex via the thalamus
Lesion: loss of coordination

Question 19

Basilar pontine nucleus

Answer 19

Function: the Corticopontine fibres synapses here
Lesion: loss of coordination

Question 20

Superior colliculus

Answer 20

Function: responsible for visual reflexes
Lesions: abnormal visual reflexes

Question 21

Inferior colliculus

Answer 21

Function: responsible for auditory reflexes
Lesions:

Question 22

Pineal gland

Answer 22

Function: releases melatonin
Lesions:impaired sleep regulation

Question 23

Periaqueductal Gray

Answer 23

Central Gray

Question 24

Raphe nuclei

Answer 24

Function: serotonin distribution throughout the brain and spinal cord. It is an awake centre and keeps brain awake. Lesions: excessive sleepiness

Question 25

Isthmus

Answer 25

Function: organiser. Responsible for the development of the hindbrain and cerebellum Lesions: death

Question 26

Entorhinal cortex

Answer 26

Function:part of the hippocampal structures. Attaches location to episodic memory Lesions:position aspect of memory impaired

Question 27

Subiculum

Answer 27

Function:final output of the hippocampal structures Lesions: loss of ability to form episodice memory

Question 28

Visual cortex

Answer 28

Function: processes visual information Lesions: cortical blindness

Question 29

Dentate gyrus

Answer 29

Function: important for the formation of episodic memory Lesions: inability to form episodic memory

Question 30

Substantia nigra

Answer 30

Function:produces dopamine and distributes in the striatal complex Lesions: Parkinson's disease

Question 31

Ventral tegmental area

Answer 31

Function:produces dopamine and distributes in the accumbens nucleus. Part of the reward system Lesions: lack of motivation

Question 32

Red nucleus

Answer 32

Function: gives rise to rubrospinal tract, an important motor bundle Lesions:motor impairments

Question 33

Medial geniculate

Answer 33

Function: part of the thalamus, projects auditory information to the auditory cortex Lesions: inability to process auditory information

Question 34

Hypothalamus

Answer 34

Function: important functions that is responsible for the survival of the organism. Controls the autonomic nervous system and the neuroendocrine system Lesions: death

Question 35

Thalamus

Answer 35

Function: relays all sensory and other inputs to the cerebral cortex. There are few exceptions such as the olfactory system Lesions:inability to process specific information based in area affected.

Question 36

Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 36

Function:part of the thalamus. Relays visual information to the primary visual cortex. Lesions: cortical blindness

Question 37

VPM and VPL

Answer 37

Function:relays pain, touch and temperature sensations from the body Lesions:loss of sensations

Question 38

Pretectum

Answer 38

Function: Lesions:

Question 39

Prethalamus

Answer 39

Function: Lesions:

Question 40

Corpus callosum

Answer 40

Function: the largest commissure in the nervous system. Connects the right hemisphere to the left hemisphere Lesions: split brain conditions

Question 41

Amygdala

Answer 41

Function:emotional processing and processing olfactory sensations Lesions: loss of social hierarchy and related feelings, loss of aggression and fear. Also good visual perception but lost visual recognition

Question 42

Piriform cortex

Answer 42

Function: processes olfactory sensations Lesions: loss of olfactory sensations

Question 43

Optic tract

Answer 43

Function:carries visual information from the retina Lesions: blindness

Question 44

Caudate-putamen

Answer 44

Function:part of striatum and is important in regulation of style and form of movement. Projects to the pallidum. Initiation of movement. Lesions: increased muscle tone that makes the person to appear emotionless or apathetic. Parkinson's disease

Question 45

Globus pallidus

Answer 45

Function:part of pallidumand is important in regulation of style and form of movement. Projects GABAergic fibres to the thalamus. Initiation of movement. Lesions: increased muscle tone that makes the person to appear emotionless or apathetic. Parkinson's disease

Question 46

Insular cortex

Answer 46

Function: processes taste and visceral sensations Lesions: loss of these sensations

Question 47

Internal capsule

Answer 47

Function:carries both ascending and descending fibres to and from the cortex Lesions: loss of sensations or paralysis of voluntary muscles or both to some extent.

Question 48

VMH

Answer 48

Function: nuclues that produces feeling of satiey Lesions: never feels full

Question 49

Fornix

Answer 49

Function: connects the hippocampal structures and some other parts of the part Lesions: coordination of these centres for complete processing of information

Question 50

Claustrum

Answer 50

Function: Lesions:

Question 51

Ventral pallidum

Answer 51

Function:part of the striatum. Works with orbits frontal cortex to produce pleasure Lesions: lack of motivation

Question 52

Anterior commissure

Answer 52

Function: connects the structures of the temporal lobes Lesions: inability to coordinate information from both sides.

Question 53

Stria terminalis

Answer 53

Function: Lesions:

Question 54

Septum

Answer 54

Function: Lesions: Headache

Question 55

Preoptic area

Answer 55

Function: has centres that regulate the 24 hour clock and sleep regulation Lesions:hormonal disturbances and pathological insomnia

Question 56

Cingulate cortex

Answer 56

Function:important for personality and behaviour Lesions: profound changes in behaviour

Question 57

Nucleus accumbens

Answer 57

Function: part of the striatal complex that stimulates the ventral pallidum and orbitofrontal cortex to produce feeling of pleasure Lesions: lack of motivation

Question 58

Olfactory bulb

Answer 58

Function: carries olfactory information Lesions: loss of olfaction senses

Question 59

Accessory olfactory bulb

Answer 59

Function: pheromone detection. Important for social and mating clues Lesions: inability to detect these cues