Brain, Mind & Behavior Exam #4 Flashcards
Emotion
A subjective mental state that has distinctive behaviors and incoluntary physiological changes.
polygraph test
measures activation of the sympathetic nervous system reflecting stress, not lying. brain imaging scans may prove more accurate in the future
facial feedback hypothesis
sensory feedback from our facial expressions can affect our mood
lends support to james-land theory
brain self stimulation
animals (including humans) will work to receive electrical stimulation to their brain
medial forebrain bundle
the tract travels from midbrain to forebrain. a map shows that self stimulation areas are especially active here.
nucleus accumbens
destination of the axons of the medial forebrain bundle. this area is associated w reward ; release of doapmine here produces very pleasurable feelings
decorticate rage
sudden intense rage in dogs whose cortex has been removed, suggesting that the cerebral cortex inhibits rage
kluver-bucy syndrome
bilateral amygdala damage= loss of fear in monkeys
what part of brain is activated in fear and emotional learning
amygdala
alarm phase
react
reisitence phase
restore blanace
exhaustion phase
dysfunction
stress triggers release of what (alarm phase)?
cortisol and epinephrine
cortisol comes from
comes from adrenal cortex
epinephrine
aka adrenaline
norepinephrine comes from
adrenal medulla
stress immunization
mild stress early in life (as well as comforting parents) improves resiliency to later stress (think of mom and independence)
Schizophrenia symptoms can be divided into what 3 things?
positive and negative symptoms as well as cognitive impairment
positive symptoms of schiozophrenia
delusions, psychosis, hallucinations, etc.
what is a positive symptom
sympotms that are presented to us. abnormal symptoms that are gained and you can see.
what are negative sympotoms
symptoms that are a loss of normal functions.
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
depression, reduced emotional expression, etc.
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
depression, reduced emotional expression, etc.
cognitive impairment symptoms
changes in memory, attention, social perception
theory on relationship between emotions and physical response (William James and Carl Lange)
the emotions we experience are caused by the bodily changes
theory on relationship between emotions and physical response (folk psychology)
emotions cause the body
to react.
theory on relationship between emotions and physical response (Cannon-Bard theory)
brain must interpret the
situation to decide which
emotion is appropriate.
(Cannon-Bard theory)
delusions
false beliefs held in spite of contrary evidence- have been noted for centuries
what happened with delusions in the early 1900s
25% of mental patients suffered from “paralytic demantia” (general paresis) with sudden onset of delusions. Syphilis was discovered to be the cause of this and the patients were treated. syphilis caused neurosyphilis to occur which gave me delusional behavior.
theory on relationship between emotions and physical response(Schachter-Singer theory)
our emotional state is due to physiological arousal and our interpretation of it and the context around us.
schizophrenia in identical twins
concordance rate of 50%
schizophrenia in fraternal twins
17%
of two twins, which is the more likely to develop schizophrenia
the one that had lower birth weight, more phsyciological distress, and/or more sensitive behavior
what type of city increases risk of schizophrenia
bigger cities
what are the brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia
- larger cerebral ventricals (when ventircals are englarged, there is less brain matter bc it takes up space)
- cortical abnormalities (structure and function of corpus callosum and accelerated cortical thinning)
Superficial facial muscles
attach between facial skin so when they contract, they change the shape of the mouth, eyes, or nose.
hypofrontality hypothesis
frontal lobe has underactivity in patients with schizoprenia
lobotomy
surgical separation of frontal lobes from the rest of the brain
when were lobotomies used
to treat schizophrenia. used for many mental disorders but it made them dependent on institutional care.
has a LOT of damage associated with it
Deep facial muscles
attach to bone and produce
larger-scale movements, like chewing
the facial nerve
innervates the superficial muscles of facial expression
motor branch of the trigeminal nerve
innervates muscles that move th e jaw
chlorpromazine
antipsychotic. powerfully reduced positive symptoms of schizophrenia. this replaced lobotomy treatments.
what do all first generation antipsychotics do?
block postsynaptic doamine D2 receptors.
facial feedback hypothesis
The idea
that sensory feedback from our facial
expressions can affect our mood
dyskinesia
side affect of antipschotic drugs.
tardive dyskinesia
repetitive involuntary movements; irreversible.
dopamine hypothesis
proposed that schizophrenia is caused by an excess of either dopamine release or dopamine receptors.
problems with dopamine hypothesis
drugs block D2 receptors much faster than symptoms are reduced (2) some atypical nueroleptics actually increase dopamine levels.
Second generation antipsychotics (atypical antipsychotics)
have lower affinity for D2 dopamine receptors- their highest affinity is for another transmitter receptor
clozapine
selectively blocks serotinin receptors
Phencyclidine (PCP)
an NMDA receptor antagonist. prevents glutamate from acting normally
this produces schizophrenia-like syndrome
is there one gene that causes schizophrenia?
no. in fact, it is possible that there are over 100 genes that can cause the likelihood of it.
how does the frontal lobe change in depression
INCREASES frontal lobe activity.
how does the frontal lobe change with schizophrenia
DECREASED activity (hypofrontality hypothesis )
what happens in the amygdala in depression
increased activity
Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)
used to treat depression. a strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure
downside= memory loss
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
used to treat depression. alters cortical electrical activity
Monoamine Oxidase (MOA)
Talked about this before. This was the first antidepressant drug. It causes monoamines to accumulate in the synapse. Efficacy led to monoamine hypothesis.
what is the most common thing that current drugs for depression do?
inhibits reuptake of monamines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin).
bad thing about MOAs
you have to follow a specific diet
monoamine hypothesis of depression
people who are depressed do not get enough stimulation at monoamine synapses
tricyclics
another type of antidepressent. inhibits the reuptake of
monoamines, which similarly boosts their synaptic activity
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRls)
they slay. they increase synaptic
serotonin levels in the brain (how? by blocking reuptake of serotonin in the brain)
is serotonin the issue for depression?
no necessarily. SSRIs put serotinin in the brain very quickly, but it takes a while for individuals to feel a difference in depression. Why? because serotonin wasnt usually the issue, it is just a factor that helps improve the issue.
Problems with SSRI
long time to start working, not everyone responds to it, sometime due to placebo effect.
meta-analysis
A type of quantitative review of a field of
research, in which the results
of multiple previous studies
are combined in order to identify overall patterns that are consistent across studies.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
can be as effective as SSRIs and when used together are more effective than either alone
other treatments for depression being investigated
ketamine (relieves symptoms immediately) and leptin, vagal nerve stimulation, Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
deep brain stimulation (DBS)
Mild electrical stimulation through an
electrode that is surgically implanted
deep in the brain
postpartum depression
depression precedes or follows childbirth
do men or women have more depression
women
how does depression affect sleep
stage 3 sleep is reduced and REM sleep is quickly entered. more of sleep is in REM (is this why theres a lot more stressful dreams?? this is actually rumination. mmmm)
learned helplessness
an animal is exposed to a repetitive stressful stimulus that it cannot escape. this is linked to a decrease in serotinin, very similar to depression. This is basically training animals to be depressed. argh. Things like removing olfactory bulbs, etc. have taught rats to be depressed and they found that SSRIs improve this after.
bipolar disorder
periods of depression altering with periods of mania
how many cycles are per year in bipolar
usually 4+ cylces per year. Sometimes can be multiple per day
what is bipolar sometimes confused with and why
schizophrenia. both have enlarged ventricals and reduced gray matter
what is used to treat bipolar?
lithium. it increases gray matter but must be used carefully cause can be toxic in overdose.
phobic disorders
intense irrational fears centered on an object, activity, or situation that a person avoids
panic disorder
recurrent transient attacks of intense fearfulness
generalized anxiety disorder
persistent, excessive anxiety and worry
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
unpleasant memories repeatedly plague the individual
how does ptsd look in the brain
ppl with ptsd have smaller hippocampus, which may be a risk factor rather than a consequence
extra credit
do this
fear conditioning
classical conditioning of fear (think of baby + rat)
what is the amygdala
a group of nuclei in the medial anterior of temporal lobe
Obsessive compulsive disorder
an anxiety disorder in which an individual experiences recurrent unwanted thoughts and engages in repetitive behaviors without reason or the abiolity to stop.
compulsions
routine acts
obsessions
recurrent thoughts
stress
any circumstance that upsets homeostatic balance
how is stress treated
as stressful stimuli, the stress processing system, and response to stress
why might ocd and depression be related
both respond well to SSRIs
Alarm response (process one)
- hypothalamus triggers sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight response)
- sympathetic nervous system triggers adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- epinephrine and noeprinephrine t rigger physiological responses (such as increased heart rate)- prepare body for action
adrenal medulla
core of adrenal gland. releases epinephrine and norepinephrine.
epinephrine=
adrenaline
Alarm Response (process two)
- hypothalamus–>anterior pituitary–> adrenal cortex
- adrenal cortex releases types of adrenam steroid hormones, such as cortisol
- glucocorticoid recepotrs respond to cortisol. Glucocorticoid receptors are responsible for formation of stress events
cortisol
a stress hormone
adrenal steroid hormones
slower than epinephrine. also prepare the body for action (and release energy)
epigenetic regulation
changes in gene EXPRESSION (not sequence) due to environmental factors
psychonueroimmunology
the study of the relationship of the immune system and other organs
