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Mac- Freshman Year- Spring Semester > Brain, Mind & Behavior Exam #4 > Flashcards

Brain, Mind & Behavior Exam #4 Flashcards

1
Q

Emotion

A

A subjective mental state that has distinctive behaviors and incoluntary physiological changes.

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2
Q

polygraph test

A

measures activation of the sympathetic nervous system reflecting stress, not lying. brain imaging scans may prove more accurate in the future

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3
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

sensory feedback from our facial expressions can affect our mood

lends support to james-land theory

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4
Q

brain self stimulation

A

animals (including humans) will work to receive electrical stimulation to their brain

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5
Q

medial forebrain bundle

A

the tract travels from midbrain to forebrain. a map shows that self stimulation areas are especially active here.

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6
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

destination of the axons of the medial forebrain bundle. this area is associated w reward ; release of doapmine here produces very pleasurable feelings

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7
Q

decorticate rage

A

sudden intense rage in dogs whose cortex has been removed, suggesting that the cerebral cortex inhibits rage

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8
Q

kluver-bucy syndrome

A

bilateral amygdala damage= loss of fear in monkeys

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9
Q

what part of brain is activated in fear and emotional learning

A

amygdala

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10
Q

alarm phase

A

react

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11
Q

reisitence phase

A

restore blanace

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12
Q

exhaustion phase

A

dysfunction

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13
Q

stress triggers release of what (alarm phase)?

A

cortisol and epinephrine

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14
Q

cortisol comes from

A

comes from adrenal cortex

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15
Q

epinephrine

A

aka adrenaline

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16
Q

norepinephrine comes from

A

adrenal medulla

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17
Q

stress immunization

A

mild stress early in life (as well as comforting parents) improves resiliency to later stress (think of mom and independence)

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18
Q

Schizophrenia symptoms can be divided into what 3 things?

A

positive and negative symptoms as well as cognitive impairment

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19
Q

positive symptoms of schiozophrenia

A

delusions, psychosis, hallucinations, etc.

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20
Q

what is a positive symptom

A

sympotms that are presented to us. abnormal symptoms that are gained and you can see.

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21
Q

what are negative sympotoms

A

symptoms that are a loss of normal functions.

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22
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

depression, reduced emotional expression, etc.

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23
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

depression, reduced emotional expression, etc.

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24
Q

cognitive impairment symptoms

A

changes in memory, attention, social perception

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25
Q

theory on relationship between emotions and physical response (William James and Carl Lange)

A

the emotions we experience are caused by the bodily changes

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26
Q

theory on relationship between emotions and physical response (folk psychology)

A

emotions cause the body
to react.

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27
Q

theory on relationship between emotions and physical response (Cannon-Bard theory)

A

brain must interpret the
situation to decide which
emotion is appropriate.

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27
Q

(Cannon-Bard theory)

A
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28
Q

delusions

A

false beliefs held in spite of contrary evidence- have been noted for centuries

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29
Q

what happened with delusions in the early 1900s

A

25% of mental patients suffered from “paralytic demantia” (general paresis) with sudden onset of delusions. Syphilis was discovered to be the cause of this and the patients were treated. syphilis caused neurosyphilis to occur which gave me delusional behavior.

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30
Q

theory on relationship between emotions and physical response(Schachter-Singer theory)

A

our emotional state is due to physiological arousal and our interpretation of it and the context around us.

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31
Q

schizophrenia in identical twins

A

concordance rate of 50%

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32
Q

schizophrenia in fraternal twins

A

17%

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33
Q

of two twins, which is the more likely to develop schizophrenia

A

the one that had lower birth weight, more phsyciological distress, and/or more sensitive behavior

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34
Q

what type of city increases risk of schizophrenia

A

bigger cities

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35
Q

what are the brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia

A
  • larger cerebral ventricals (when ventircals are englarged, there is less brain matter bc it takes up space)
  • cortical abnormalities (structure and function of corpus callosum and accelerated cortical thinning)
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36
Q

Superficial facial muscles

A

attach between facial skin so when they contract, they change the shape of the mouth, eyes, or nose.

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37
Q

hypofrontality hypothesis

A

frontal lobe has underactivity in patients with schizoprenia

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38
Q

lobotomy

A

surgical separation of frontal lobes from the rest of the brain

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39
Q

when were lobotomies used

A

to treat schizophrenia. used for many mental disorders but it made them dependent on institutional care.

has a LOT of damage associated with it

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40
Q

Deep facial muscles

A

attach to bone and produce
larger-scale movements, like chewing

41
Q

the facial nerve

A

innervates the superficial muscles of facial expression

42
Q

motor branch of the trigeminal nerve

A

innervates muscles that move th e jaw

43
Q

chlorpromazine

A

antipsychotic. powerfully reduced positive symptoms of schizophrenia. this replaced lobotomy treatments.

44
Q

what do all first generation antipsychotics do?

A

block postsynaptic doamine D2 receptors.

45
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

The idea
that sensory feedback from our facial
expressions can affect our mood

46
Q

dyskinesia

A

side affect of antipschotic drugs.

47
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A

repetitive involuntary movements; irreversible.

48
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

proposed that schizophrenia is caused by an excess of either dopamine release or dopamine receptors.

49
Q

problems with dopamine hypothesis

A

drugs block D2 receptors much faster than symptoms are reduced (2) some atypical nueroleptics actually increase dopamine levels.

50
Q

Second generation antipsychotics (atypical antipsychotics)

A

have lower affinity for D2 dopamine receptors- their highest affinity is for another transmitter receptor

51
Q

clozapine

A

selectively blocks serotinin receptors

52
Q

Phencyclidine (PCP)

A

an NMDA receptor antagonist. prevents glutamate from acting normally

this produces schizophrenia-like syndrome

53
Q

is there one gene that causes schizophrenia?

A

no. in fact, it is possible that there are over 100 genes that can cause the likelihood of it.

54
Q

how does the frontal lobe change in depression

A

INCREASES frontal lobe activity.

55
Q

how does the frontal lobe change with schizophrenia

A

DECREASED activity (hypofrontality hypothesis )

56
Q

what happens in the amygdala in depression

A

increased activity

57
Q

Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

A

used to treat depression. a strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure

downside= memory loss

58
Q

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A

used to treat depression. alters cortical electrical activity

59
Q

Monoamine Oxidase (MOA)

A

Talked about this before. This was the first antidepressant drug. It causes monoamines to accumulate in the synapse. Efficacy led to monoamine hypothesis.

60
Q

what is the most common thing that current drugs for depression do?

A

inhibits reuptake of monamines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin).

61
Q

bad thing about MOAs

A

you have to follow a specific diet

62
Q

monoamine hypothesis of depression

A

people who are depressed do not get enough stimulation at monoamine synapses

63
Q

tricyclics

A

another type of antidepressent. inhibits the reuptake of
monoamines, which similarly boosts their synaptic activity

64
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRls)

A

they slay. they increase synaptic
serotonin levels in the brain (how? by blocking reuptake of serotonin in the brain)

65
Q

is serotonin the issue for depression?

A

no necessarily. SSRIs put serotinin in the brain very quickly, but it takes a while for individuals to feel a difference in depression. Why? because serotonin wasnt usually the issue, it is just a factor that helps improve the issue.

66
Q

Problems with SSRI

A

long time to start working, not everyone responds to it, sometime due to placebo effect.

67
Q

meta-analysis

A

A type of quantitative review of a field of
research, in which the results
of multiple previous studies
are combined in order to identify overall patterns that are consistent across studies.

68
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A

can be as effective as SSRIs and when used together are more effective than either alone

69
Q

other treatments for depression being investigated

A

ketamine (relieves symptoms immediately) and leptin, vagal nerve stimulation, Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

70
Q

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

A

Mild electrical stimulation through an
electrode that is surgically implanted
deep in the brain

71
Q

postpartum depression

A

depression precedes or follows childbirth

72
Q

do men or women have more depression

A

women

73
Q

how does depression affect sleep

A

stage 3 sleep is reduced and REM sleep is quickly entered. more of sleep is in REM (is this why theres a lot more stressful dreams?? this is actually rumination. mmmm)

74
Q

learned helplessness

A

an animal is exposed to a repetitive stressful stimulus that it cannot escape. this is linked to a decrease in serotinin, very similar to depression. This is basically training animals to be depressed. argh. Things like removing olfactory bulbs, etc. have taught rats to be depressed and they found that SSRIs improve this after.

75
Q

bipolar disorder

A

periods of depression altering with periods of mania

76
Q

how many cycles are per year in bipolar

A

usually 4+ cylces per year. Sometimes can be multiple per day

77
Q

what is bipolar sometimes confused with and why

A

schizophrenia. both have enlarged ventricals and reduced gray matter

78
Q

what is used to treat bipolar?

A

lithium. it increases gray matter but must be used carefully cause can be toxic in overdose.

79
Q

phobic disorders

A

intense irrational fears centered on an object, activity, or situation that a person avoids

80
Q

panic disorder

A

recurrent transient attacks of intense fearfulness

81
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

persistent, excessive anxiety and worry

82
Q

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

unpleasant memories repeatedly plague the individual

83
Q

how does ptsd look in the brain

A

ppl with ptsd have smaller hippocampus, which may be a risk factor rather than a consequence

84
Q

extra credit

A

do this

85
Q

fear conditioning

A

classical conditioning of fear (think of baby + rat)

86
Q

what is the amygdala

A

a group of nuclei in the medial anterior of temporal lobe

87
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder

A

an anxiety disorder in which an individual experiences recurrent unwanted thoughts and engages in repetitive behaviors without reason or the abiolity to stop.

88
Q

compulsions

A

routine acts

89
Q

obsessions

A

recurrent thoughts

90
Q

stress

A

any circumstance that upsets homeostatic balance

91
Q

how is stress treated

A

as stressful stimuli, the stress processing system, and response to stress

92
Q

why might ocd and depression be related

A

both respond well to SSRIs

93
Q

Alarm response (process one)

A
  1. hypothalamus triggers sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight response)
  2. sympathetic nervous system triggers adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine.
  3. epinephrine and noeprinephrine t rigger physiological responses (such as increased heart rate)- prepare body for action
94
Q

adrenal medulla

A

core of adrenal gland. releases epinephrine and norepinephrine.

95
Q

epinephrine=

A

adrenaline

96
Q

Alarm Response (process two)

A
  1. hypothalamus–>anterior pituitary–> adrenal cortex
  2. adrenal cortex releases types of adrenam steroid hormones, such as cortisol
  3. glucocorticoid recepotrs respond to cortisol. Glucocorticoid receptors are responsible for formation of stress events
97
Q

cortisol

A

a stress hormone

98
Q

adrenal steroid hormones

A

slower than epinephrine. also prepare the body for action (and release energy)

99
Q

epigenetic regulation

A

changes in gene EXPRESSION (not sequence) due to environmental factors

100
Q

psychonueroimmunology

A

the study of the relationship of the immune system and other organs

Mac- Freshman Year- Spring Semester (10 decks)

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