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Mac- Freshman Year- Spring Semester > Brain, Mind, and Behavior Exam #5 > Flashcards

Brain, Mind, and Behavior Exam #5 Flashcards

1
Q

reinforcement

A

an event that increases the likelihood of a behavior

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2
Q

punishment

A

an event that decreases the likelihood of a behavior

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3
Q

fixed ratio reinforcement

A

a reinforcer is delivered after a set number of responses. This schedule produces rapid and steady learning, but the behacior stops quickly after reinforcement ends

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4
Q

variable ratio reinforcement

A

a reinforcer is delivered after a varying number of correct responsses occurs. this schedule leads to lasting behaviors changes

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5
Q

fixed interval reinforcement

A

a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed period of time has elapsed. behavior increases rapidly just before the anticipated reinforcer occurs and then remains low until the reinforcer is due

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6
Q

variable-interval reinforcement

A

the first response that occurs after a time period has elapased is reinforced. it produces a steadier stream of bejavior than fized interval reinforcement

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7
Q

Steps to encoding towards long term memory

A
  1. sensory information that
    enters is encoded in short-term memory (STM).
  2. If the information is
    rehearsed or used, it may put into long-term
    memory (LTM), lasting for
    minutes up to a lifetime.
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8
Q

tachistoscope

A

an instrument that is used for exposing objects to the eye for a very brief measured period of time. (different times to look at how much time sensory info needs to be shown for short term memory to remember)

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9
Q

whats the duration of short term memory

A

about 30 seconds

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10
Q

capacity of short term memory

A

7 (+/- 2) things

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11
Q

consolidation

A

The second process in
the memory system, in which information in short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory.

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12
Q

encoding

A

The first process in the
memory system, in which the information entering sensory channels is passed
into short-term memory

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13
Q

retrieval

A

The third process of the
memory system, in which a stored
memory is used by an organism

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14
Q

what did donald hebb propose?

A

that when 2 neurons are repeatedly activated together, their synaptic connection will become stronger

(cells that fire together wire together)

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15
Q

hebbian synapses

A

act together to store memory traces

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16
Q

declaratice memory

A

facts and information acquired through learning that can be stated or described; used to answer “what” questions

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17
Q

non-declarative memories

A

shown by performacne rather than recollection; used to answer “how” questions

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18
Q

Henry Molaison

A

amygdala and hippocampus and cortex from both temporal lobes were removed. he could remember things from before the surgery, but he couldn’t form any new memories.

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19
Q

hippocampus is important why?

A

new memories

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20
Q

learning

A

the process of acquiring new info

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21
Q

memory

A

ability to store and retrieve info, or the specific ino stores in the brain

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22
Q

amnesia

A

severe memory impaiment

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23
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memories formed before onset of amnesia

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24
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form memories after onset of a disorder patients with this can learn to read mirror reveresd text, a verbal text

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25
Q

selective attention

A

the process of selecting or focusing on one or more stimuli

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26
Q

overt attention

A

attending to same thing youre looking at.focus coincides with sensory orientation

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27
Q

covert attention

A

the focus is independent of sensory oreintation. so think of paying attention to what is behind you even though you are not looking at them??

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28
Q

cocktail party effect

A

selective at filters out stimuli not being attended to

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29
Q

sustained attention task

A

a single stimulus must be held in the spotlight for an extended length of time

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30
Q

superior colliculus

A

guides movement of eyes toward objects of attention

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31
Q

pulvinar

A

involved in visual processing, orienting and shifting attention, and filtering of stimuli

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32
Q

lateral intraparietal area (LIP)

A

crucial for top down attention in monkeys

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33
Q

communication

A

transmission of info between individuals (occurs in many species)

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34
Q

language

A

what humans use to communicate. communication based on assembly of artitrary symbols- to convey a vast range of things, actions, and concepts.

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35
Q

spatial cognition

A

our ability to naviagate and understand spatial relationships between objects

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36
Q

arbitrary

A

things that dont have specific meaning behind them. (think of symbols that you don’t know)

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37
Q

nonarbitrary

A

things that do have meaning tied to them

thumbs up

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38
Q

corpus callosum

A

between the left and right hemisphere. a lot of what we know about the hemispheres is due to severing of the corpus callosum

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39
Q

split brain individuals

A

individuals that have severed corpus callosum.

40
Q

contralateral hemisphere

A

The hemisphere that is on the opposite side of the where sensory info comes from. (left to right; right to left). processes info received on one other side of the body

41
Q

dichotic presentation (+ results)

A

delivers different sounds to each ear at the same time.
results:
right handed people identify verbal stimuli in right ear more easier than left (right hand advantage)
left handed people: 50% showed a reveresed or reduced pattern. no difference between ears or left ear advantage

42
Q

split brain patient with alien hand- what was the medicine that fixed this likely doing?

A

acting on GABA

43
Q

tachistoscpe tests

A

used to study visual perception of linguistic stimuli. studies with this confirm the verbal-spatial division of labor between hemispheres

44
Q

planum temporal

A

upper surface of the temporal lobe- larger in left hemisphere, even in infants before development of language

we dont really know why

45
Q

what does right hemisphere do in auditory and language

A

play a major role in perception of music AND prosody

46
Q

what does left hemisphere do with music

A

pitch

47
Q

prosody

A

perception of emotional tone aspects of language, yet it is a right hismphere specialization

48
Q

recognizing faces occurs in which hemispheres

A

both

49
Q

fusiform gyrus

A

helps with face and object recognition. (prosopagnosia is due to damaged fusiform gyrus)

50
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize faces. Fusiform gyrus is damaged in this.

51
Q

aphasia

A

impaiment in language ability, to varying degrees, caused by brain injury, expecially to the left hemisphere

52
Q

paraphasia

A

substitution of a word by a sound, incorrect word, or unintended word

53
Q

agraphia

A

impairment in writing

54
Q

alexia

A

impairment in reading

55
Q

apraxia

A

motor impairment: difficulty in making sequences of movements

56
Q

motor theory of language

A

anterior and posterior left-hemisphere language zones are motor control systems. Both are involved in production and perception of complex motions that produce sound

57
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

can be used to similuate a lesion by disruptng neural activity for ys to an hour

58
Q

PET Scan and Passively viewing

A

posteruir area within the left hemisphere

59
Q

PET Scan and Passively hearing

A

temporal lobes

60
Q

PET Scan and repeating word

A

motor and supplementary motor cortex, some of cerebellum

61
Q

PET Scan and generating associated word

A

language related regions of the left hemisphere, including brocas area

62
Q

phonemes

A

basic speech sounds

63
Q

morphemes

A

simple units of meaning; assembled into words with meaning ; semantics

64
Q

sensitive period

A

the critical period of language development

65
Q

Recovery of function

A

recovery of behavioral capacity folliwing brain damage from stroke or injury

66
Q

concussion

A

closed head brain injury caused by a jarring blow to hthe head

67
Q

Chronic traumatic encephalophathy (CTE)

A

a form of dementia after multiple concussions

68
Q

tetanus

A

intense volley of action potential s

69
Q

long term potentiation (LTP)

A

stable and long lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission

70
Q

Intraparetal sulcus

A

Human equivalent of LIP

71
Q

symbolic curing

A

test done to test voluntary attention. when placing focus on a specific area, reaction time is improved

72
Q

conjuction search

A

searching for something with 2 or more unique attributes that make it stand out. (think size and color )

73
Q

binding problem

A

how the brain understands which individual attributes blend together in one object when they are each processed by different areas of the brain

74
Q

temporal resolution

A

how neuroscientists study the brain. the ability to track brain changes that occur quickly

75
Q

spatial resolution

A

how neuroscientists study the brain. the ability to observe detailed brain structure

76
Q

event related potential (ERP)

A

when neurons work together in a process EEG patterns are different. so scienteists average the results

77
Q

auditory n1 affect

A

negative following auditory stimulus that shadowed

78
Q

shadowing

A

focusing on one of two stimuli

79
Q

p3 affect

A

positive wave later in auditory stimuli response. signals higher order processing (eg underlying meaning of speaker)

80
Q

visual P1 affect

A

positive p1 wave that occurs only when attention is placed on visual cue

81
Q

frontal eye field

A

area of brain that directs gaze according to cognitive goals (top down)

82
Q

tempoatrital junction (TPJ)

A

directs attention toward novel or unexpected stimuli. (direct communication with visual cortex. Acts as a circut breaker)

83
Q

hispatial neglect

A

damage to brain (neglect attention on one side of body)

84
Q

balients syndrome

A

bilateral lesions to parietal lobe

85
Q

oculomotor ataxia

A

difficulty steering gaze

86
Q

optic ataxia

A

inability to accurately reach for pbjects using visual guidance

87
Q

simultagnosia

A

unability to place attention to one object at a time

88
Q

default mode network

A

daydreaming pattern of brain

89
Q

qualia

A

purely subjective experiences of perceptions

90
Q

wada test

A

confirms involvement of hemispheres in language by temporility shutting down each hemisphere

91
Q

astereogenosis

A

inability to regonize objects by touch

92
Q

brocas area

A

region in left inferior frontal region involved in speech productison

93
Q

wernickes area

A

region of brain involved in perception and production of speech

94
Q

wernickes aphasia

A

fluent byt meaningless speech

95
Q

global aphasia

A

cant understand or produce language

96
Q

brocas aphasia

A

cannot produdce spech but can comprehend speech

97
Q

hemipela

A

peralisis of one side of body (usually right side)

Mac- Freshman Year- Spring Semester (10 decks)

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