Brain, Mind, and Behavior Exam #5 Flashcards
reinforcement
an event that increases the likelihood of a behavior
punishment
an event that decreases the likelihood of a behavior
fixed ratio reinforcement
a reinforcer is delivered after a set number of responses. This schedule produces rapid and steady learning, but the behacior stops quickly after reinforcement ends
variable ratio reinforcement
a reinforcer is delivered after a varying number of correct responsses occurs. this schedule leads to lasting behaviors changes
fixed interval reinforcement
a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed period of time has elapsed. behavior increases rapidly just before the anticipated reinforcer occurs and then remains low until the reinforcer is due
variable-interval reinforcement
the first response that occurs after a time period has elapased is reinforced. it produces a steadier stream of bejavior than fized interval reinforcement
Steps to encoding towards long term memory
- sensory information that
enters is encoded in short-term memory (STM). - If the information is
rehearsed or used, it may put into long-term
memory (LTM), lasting for
minutes up to a lifetime.
tachistoscope
an instrument that is used for exposing objects to the eye for a very brief measured period of time. (different times to look at how much time sensory info needs to be shown for short term memory to remember)
whats the duration of short term memory
about 30 seconds
capacity of short term memory
7 (+/- 2) things
consolidation
The second process in
the memory system, in which information in short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory.
encoding
The first process in the
memory system, in which the information entering sensory channels is passed
into short-term memory
retrieval
The third process of the
memory system, in which a stored
memory is used by an organism
what did donald hebb propose?
that when 2 neurons are repeatedly activated together, their synaptic connection will become stronger
(cells that fire together wire together)
hebbian synapses
act together to store memory traces
declaratice memory
facts and information acquired through learning that can be stated or described; used to answer “what” questions
non-declarative memories
shown by performacne rather than recollection; used to answer “how” questions
Henry Molaison
amygdala and hippocampus and cortex from both temporal lobes were removed. he could remember things from before the surgery, but he couldn’t form any new memories.
hippocampus is important why?
new memories
learning
the process of acquiring new info
memory
ability to store and retrieve info, or the specific ino stores in the brain
amnesia
severe memory impaiment
retrograde amnesia
loss of memories formed before onset of amnesia
anterograde amnesia
inability to form memories after onset of a disorder patients with this can learn to read mirror reveresd text, a verbal text
selective attention
the process of selecting or focusing on one or more stimuli
overt attention
attending to same thing youre looking at.focus coincides with sensory orientation
covert attention
the focus is independent of sensory oreintation. so think of paying attention to what is behind you even though you are not looking at them??
cocktail party effect
selective at filters out stimuli not being attended to
sustained attention task
a single stimulus must be held in the spotlight for an extended length of time
superior colliculus
guides movement of eyes toward objects of attention
pulvinar
involved in visual processing, orienting and shifting attention, and filtering of stimuli
lateral intraparietal area (LIP)
crucial for top down attention in monkeys
communication
transmission of info between individuals (occurs in many species)
language
what humans use to communicate. communication based on assembly of artitrary symbols- to convey a vast range of things, actions, and concepts.
spatial cognition
our ability to naviagate and understand spatial relationships between objects
arbitrary
things that dont have specific meaning behind them. (think of symbols that you don’t know)
nonarbitrary
things that do have meaning tied to them
thumbs up
corpus callosum
between the left and right hemisphere. a lot of what we know about the hemispheres is due to severing of the corpus callosum
split brain individuals
individuals that have severed corpus callosum.
contralateral hemisphere
The hemisphere that is on the opposite side of the where sensory info comes from. (left to right; right to left). processes info received on one other side of the body
dichotic presentation (+ results)
delivers different sounds to each ear at the same time.
results:
right handed people identify verbal stimuli in right ear more easier than left (right hand advantage)
left handed people: 50% showed a reveresed or reduced pattern. no difference between ears or left ear advantage
split brain patient with alien hand- what was the medicine that fixed this likely doing?
acting on GABA
tachistoscpe tests
used to study visual perception of linguistic stimuli. studies with this confirm the verbal-spatial division of labor between hemispheres
planum temporal
upper surface of the temporal lobe- larger in left hemisphere, even in infants before development of language
we dont really know why
what does right hemisphere do in auditory and language
play a major role in perception of music AND prosody
what does left hemisphere do with music
pitch
prosody
perception of emotional tone aspects of language, yet it is a right hismphere specialization
recognizing faces occurs in which hemispheres
both
fusiform gyrus
helps with face and object recognition. (prosopagnosia is due to damaged fusiform gyrus)
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize faces. Fusiform gyrus is damaged in this.
aphasia
impaiment in language ability, to varying degrees, caused by brain injury, expecially to the left hemisphere
paraphasia
substitution of a word by a sound, incorrect word, or unintended word
agraphia
impairment in writing
alexia
impairment in reading
apraxia
motor impairment: difficulty in making sequences of movements
motor theory of language
anterior and posterior left-hemisphere language zones are motor control systems. Both are involved in production and perception of complex motions that produce sound
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
can be used to similuate a lesion by disruptng neural activity for ys to an hour
PET Scan and Passively viewing
posteruir area within the left hemisphere
PET Scan and Passively hearing
temporal lobes
PET Scan and repeating word
motor and supplementary motor cortex, some of cerebellum
PET Scan and generating associated word
language related regions of the left hemisphere, including brocas area
phonemes
basic speech sounds
morphemes
simple units of meaning; assembled into words with meaning ; semantics
sensitive period
the critical period of language development
Recovery of function
recovery of behavioral capacity folliwing brain damage from stroke or injury
concussion
closed head brain injury caused by a jarring blow to hthe head
Chronic traumatic encephalophathy (CTE)
a form of dementia after multiple concussions
tetanus
intense volley of action potential s
long term potentiation (LTP)
stable and long lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission
Intraparetal sulcus
Human equivalent of LIP
symbolic curing
test done to test voluntary attention. when placing focus on a specific area, reaction time is improved
conjuction search
searching for something with 2 or more unique attributes that make it stand out. (think size and color )
binding problem
how the brain understands which individual attributes blend together in one object when they are each processed by different areas of the brain
temporal resolution
how neuroscientists study the brain. the ability to track brain changes that occur quickly
spatial resolution
how neuroscientists study the brain. the ability to observe detailed brain structure
event related potential (ERP)
when neurons work together in a process EEG patterns are different. so scienteists average the results
auditory n1 affect
negative following auditory stimulus that shadowed
shadowing
focusing on one of two stimuli
p3 affect
positive wave later in auditory stimuli response. signals higher order processing (eg underlying meaning of speaker)
visual P1 affect
positive p1 wave that occurs only when attention is placed on visual cue
frontal eye field
area of brain that directs gaze according to cognitive goals (top down)
tempoatrital junction (TPJ)
directs attention toward novel or unexpected stimuli. (direct communication with visual cortex. Acts as a circut breaker)
hispatial neglect
damage to brain (neglect attention on one side of body)
balients syndrome
bilateral lesions to parietal lobe
oculomotor ataxia
difficulty steering gaze
optic ataxia
inability to accurately reach for pbjects using visual guidance
simultagnosia
unability to place attention to one object at a time
default mode network
daydreaming pattern of brain
qualia
purely subjective experiences of perceptions
wada test
confirms involvement of hemispheres in language by temporility shutting down each hemisphere
astereogenosis
inability to regonize objects by touch
brocas area
region in left inferior frontal region involved in speech productison
wernickes area
region of brain involved in perception and production of speech
wernickes aphasia
fluent byt meaningless speech
global aphasia
cant understand or produce language
brocas aphasia
cannot produdce spech but can comprehend speech
hemipela
peralisis of one side of body (usually right side)
