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Mac- Freshman Year- Spring Semester > Brain, Mind & Behavior Exam #1 > Flashcards

Brain, Mind & Behavior Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron

A

Basic unit of the nervous system.

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2
Q

What are the 4 functional zones of the neuron

A

Input, integration, conduction, output

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3
Q

Explain Input (one of 4 functional zones of the neuron)

A

dendrites receive information from other cells

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4
Q

Explain integration (one of 4 functional zones of the neuron)

A

cell body (or soma)- integrates the information it receives

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5
Q

Explain conduction (one of 4 functional zones of the neuron)

A

a single axon (nerve fiber) conducts output information away from the cell body as an electrical impulse

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6
Q

Explain output (one of 4 functional zones of the neuron)

A

axon terminals at the end of the axon communicate activity to other cells

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7
Q

What are the 3 shapes of neurons

A

Motor Neurons, Sensory neurons, inter-neurons

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8
Q

Motor Neurons

A

large, have long axons + stimulate muscles

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9
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

have various shapes that best respond to specific environments stimuli such as odor, light, or touch

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10
Q

Interneurons

A

have tiny axons + analyze input from one set of neurons and communicate w/others

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11
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

One axon, many dendrites; most common

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12
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

1 axon, one dendrite

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13
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

a single extension branches in 2 directions forming an input and output zone

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14
Q

How do the neuronal cell body and dendrites interact?

A

Neuronal cell body + dendrites receive information across synapses. info is transmitted from the presynaptic neuron to the post-synaptic neuron

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15
Q

Presynaptic membrane -

A

on the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron

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16
Q

postsynaptic membrane-

A

on the dendrite or cell body of the post synaptic neuron

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17
Q

synaptic cleft-

A

the gap that separate the membranes

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18
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

small spheres in presyntaptic axon terminals that contain a neurotransmitter

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19
Q

when are neurotransmitters released

A

they are released in response to electrical activity in the axon

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20
Q

neurotransmitter receptors

A

in the postsynaptic membrane. they are specialized proteins that react to neurotransmitter molecules

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21
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

continual remodeling of neuronal connections

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22
Q

axon hillock

A

a cone shaped area of the cell body that gives rise to the axon. converts input into eletrical signals that travel down the axon and innervate target cells

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23
Q

axon collateral

A

a branch of an axon that also ends in terminals

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24
Q

axon transport

A

the bidirectional movement of materials with an axon

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25
Q

glial cells

A

assist neuronal activity by providing raw materals, chemical signals and structure and also participate in information processing

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26
Q

what is myelin

A

a fatty insulation layer that wraps around axons

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27
Q

what are the two types of myelin

A

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

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28
Q

oligondendrocytes

A

form the myelin sheaths in the brain and spinal cord (its like glue)

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29
Q

Schwann cells

A

provide myelin to neurons outside the brain and spinal cord

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30
Q

Two other types of glial cells

A

astrocytes and microglial cells (microglia)

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31
Q

astrocytes

A

star-shaped cells with many processes that stretch around and between neurons and sometimes blood vessels;

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32
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

consists of brain and spinal cord

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33
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

includes all other parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. consists of bundles of nerves

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34
Q

microglial cells (microglia)

A

tiny mobile cells that remove debris from injured or dead cells

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35
Q

Motor nerves

A

transmit information from spinal cord to muscles and glands

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36
Q

sensory nerves

A

convey info from body to CNS

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37
Q

nerves of the body are divided into 2 segments

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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38
Q

somatic nervous system

A

nerves that interconnect the brain and major muscles and sensory systems of the body

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39
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

nerves that connect to the viscera (internal organs). main system for controlling the body’s organs

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40
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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41
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

has axons that innervate the sympathetic gonglia (small clusters of neurons outside CNS)- responsible for ‘fight or flight’ response. prepares body for action

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42
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

helps body relax and recuperate. neurons extend longer distances from CNS to parasympathetic ganglia, which are usually close to the organ they work with.

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43
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outermost layer of brain. is has gyri (ridged portions) and sulci (valley). It has 4 lobes

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44
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

frontal, paretal, occipital, temporal

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45
Q

frontal lobe

A

front obviously. it controls the motor systems

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46
Q

parietal lobe

A

between frontal and occipital. (like the crown region ish) controls sensations and body awareness.

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47
Q

occipital lobe

A

back region. controls visual processing

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48
Q

temporal lobe

A

below the parietal lobe (lateral region). controls auditory processing

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49
Q

what are the 2 types of brain tissue

A

gray and white matter

50
Q

gray matter

A

contains more cell bodies and dendrites, which lack myelin

51
Q

white matter

A

consists mostly of axons with white myelin sheaths

52
Q

basal ganglia

A

a group of structures near the center of your brain that form important connections. important in motor control and consist mainly consist of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and Globus

53
Q

limbic system

A

includes structures important for emotion and learning

54
Q

what are the 6 parts of the limbic system

A

amygdala, hippocampus and fornix, cingulate gyrus, olfactory bulb, thalamus, and hypothalamus

55
Q

amygdala

A

emotion regulation and perception of odor

56
Q

hippocampus and fornix

A

learning

57
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

attention

58
Q

olfactory bulb

A

sense of smell

59
Q

thalamus

A

a cluster of nuclei that relay sensory info

60
Q

hypothalamus

A

contain nuclei with many functions; also control the pituitary

61
Q

midbrain tectum

A

a section of the midbrain between the hindbrain and the forebrain. contains superior colliculi and interior colliculi

62
Q

superior colliculi

A

visual processing

63
Q

interior colliculi

A

auditory processing

64
Q

substantia nigra

A

part of the basal ganglia

65
Q

recticular formation

A

part of midbrain. involved with sleep and arousal

66
Q

periaqueductal gray

A

part of midbrain. pain perception

67
Q

Meninges

A

protective layer that surrounds brain and spinal cord

68
Q

3 parts of meninges

A

dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid membrane

69
Q

dura mater

A

tough outermost layer

70
Q

pia mater

A

delicate innermost layer

71
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

lies between the other two; filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

72
Q

what 3 cranial nerves are exclusively sensory

A

olfactory, optic, vestibulochlear

73
Q

how many cranial nerves are there

A

12 pairs

74
Q

olfactory nerve

A

smell

75
Q

optic nerve

A

vision

76
Q

vestibulochlear nerve

A

hearing and balance

77
Q

what 5 nerves are motor pathways from the brain?

A

oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, spinal accessory, hypoglossal

78
Q

oculomotor nerve

A

eye movement

79
Q

trochlear nerve

A

eye movement

80
Q

abducens nerve

A

eye movement

81
Q

spinal accessory

A

neck muscles nerves

82
Q

hypoglossal

A

tongue nerves

83
Q

what 2 nerves have sensory and motor functions

A

trigeminal, vagus

84
Q

trigeminal

A

facial sensation, chewing muscles

85
Q

vagus

A

innervates heart, liver, and intestines

86
Q

Computer axial tomography (CAT)

A

a measure of x-ray absorption at several positions around the head. CT scans generate an anatomical map of the brain based on tissue density

87
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

higher resolution images, fewer damaging effects than CT. when protons relax, they emit radio waves that differ by tissue density

88
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

detects small changes in brain metabolism, such as oxygen use, in active brain areas. fMRI can show how networks of brain structures collaborate

89
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

gives images of brain activity. Emissions of radioactive chemicals in the bloodstream indicate their destination. identifies which brain regions contribute to specific functions

90
Q

Neurophysiology

A

the study of life processes of neurons.

91
Q

explain resting neuron

A

a resting neuron is polarized, meaning there is a difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of cell

92
Q

ions

A

electricity charged molecules

93
Q

anions

A

negatively charged

94
Q

cations

A

positively charged

95
Q

ion channels

A

proteins that span the membrane and can allow ions to pass through. some are gated, opening and closing in response to signals. others stay open all the time, such as the one in neurons that allow only potassium ions (K+) to cross the membrane

96
Q

how do action potentials ‘move’?

A

they are actively propogated along the axon. each adjacent section is depolarized and a new action potential occurs. action potentials can only travel in one direction because of the refractory state of the membrane after depolaization

97
Q

conduction velocity

A

the speed of propogation of action potentials, varies with axon diameter

98
Q

what happens when action potential reaches the end of axon

A

causes the release of neurotransmitter into synapse

99
Q

excitatory postynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

a small local depolarizing potential in the postsynaptic membrane that pushes the cell closer to the action potential threshold, increasing the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential. (in EPSPs, Na+ channels open, letting positive ions into the cell

100
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

a hyperpolarizing potential in the postsynaptic membrane that pushes the cell further away from threshold, decreasing likelihood of the neuron firing an action potential

101
Q

when do IPSP happen

A

(these result when chloride ions (Cl-) rush into the cell making the inside more negative)

102
Q

spatial summation

A

the summary of all the potentials that reach axon hillock from locations across the cell body. If the overall depolarization (sum of IPSP and EPSP) reaches or exceeds threshold, an action potential is produced

103
Q

the sequence of transmission

A
  1. Action potential arrives at the presynaptic axon terminal
  2. voltage fated calcium channels in the terminal membrane open and ca2+ ions enter
  3. Ca2+ ions cause synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters to fuse with the presynaptic membrane, releasing the transmitter into the synaptic cleft
  4. transmitters bind to postsynaptic receptor molecules, causing ion channels to open and leading to an EPSP or IPSP
  5. EPSP or IPSP spread toward the postsynaptic axon hillock. If threshold is reached, an action potential will occur
  6. Synaptic transmission is rapidly stopped- accurately reflecting the activity of the presynaptic cell.
  7. transmitter may activate presynpatic receptors that decrease trasmitter release
104
Q

Ligands

A

molecules that fit into receptors and activate or block them. A synapse that uses acetylcholine (ACh) has ligand-binding sites for ACh on neurotransmitter receptor molecules in the postsynaptic membrane. The post-synaptic receptors determine the action of the transmitter. ACh can be excitatory, opening Na+ and K+ channels or it can be inhibitory, opening Cl- channels

105
Q

how does nicotine work?

A

some chemicals can fit on receptors in place of a neurotransmitter. nicotine can mimic ACh on receptors acting like the transmitter agonist

106
Q

how can transmitter action be halted?

A

degradation and reuptake,

107
Q

synaptic delay

A

the delay between an action potential reaching the axon terminal and creating a postsynaptic potential

108
Q

degradation

A

the rapid breakdown and inactivation of transmitter by an enzyme (AChE)

109
Q

Reuptake

A

transmitter is cleared from the sunapse by being absorbed back into the presunaptic axon terminal.

110
Q

what are transporters

A

special receptors that bring the transmitter back inside

111
Q

types of synapses

A

axo-dendritic, axo-somatic, aso-asonic, dendro-dentritic

112
Q

axo-dendritic

A

the axon terminal synapses on a dendrite

113
Q

axo-somatic

A

synapse between axon and cell body (soma)

114
Q

axo-axonic

A

synapse between two axons

115
Q

dendro-dendritic

A

synapse between 2 dendrites

116
Q

knee jerk reflex

A
  • sensory and motor axons are myelinated and large
  • sensory cells synapse directly onto motor neurons
  • both the central synapse and the neuromuscular junction are fast synapses
117
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

recording of spontaneous brain potentials (brain waves)

118
Q

event-related potentials (ERPs)

A

they are EEG responses to a single stimulus such as a flash of light or loud sound. they can distinguish between sleep states and provide data for diagnosing seizure disorders

119
Q

types of seizures

A
  • Tonic-Clonic or Grand mal Seuzure
  • simple, absence or petit mal seizure
  • complex partial seizures
120
Q

Tonic-Clonic or Grand mal Seuzure

A

abnormal EEG activity throughout the brain

121
Q

simple, absence or petit mal seizure

A

brain waves show patterns of seizure activity for 5 to 15 seconds, may occur several times a day

122
Q

complex partial seizures

A

do not involve entire brain, often preceded by an unusual sensation

Mac- Freshman Year- Spring Semester (10 decks)

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