Brain locations/functions Flashcards
Frontal lobe functions?
initiates motor impulses
1.) motor speech, voluntary movement
SS> smell
Parietal lobe functions?
receive general sensory stimuli
1.) pain, pressure, temperature, touch, tickle, vibration
SS> taste
Occipital lobe functions?
visual impulses
SS> visual
Temporal lobe functions?
processes memories
SS> auditory
Insula
deep inside
taste impulses
What does the central sulcus separate?
frontal/parietal
What does the lateral sulcus separate?
sup. temporal/frontal, parietal
What does the parieto-occipital sulcus separate?
parietal/occipital
Functions of right hemisphere?
1.) receives somatic signals from and controls muscles on left side of body
Functions of left hemisphere?
1.) spoken and written language
2.) receives somatic sensory signals from and controls muscles on the right side of body
Primary somatosensory area?
postcentral gyrus
Primary visual?
occipital
Primary auditory?
temporal
Primary gustatory?
insula (insular lobe)
Primary olfactory?
medial aspect of temporal
Medial surface of motor cortex controls what? Lateral controls what?
medial- motor for leg and foot
lateral- the rest of body
Where are patterns of movement stored? Where?
premotor cortex
frontal lobe in front of precentral gyrus
What area controls voluntary, synchronized movement of eye balls? And where?
frontal eye field (injury, look to the side of injury)
front of premotor area of frontal lobe
What area is inferior frontal gyrus? (ant. to the inf. part of precentral gyrus) What is the pathology when injured?
Broca’s area
Broca’s aphasia- understands but can’t speak (sounds drunk)
What area is on the post. end of lat. sulcus (loops around end of sulcus) in the left temporoparietal junction? What is it critical for? What would injury be?
critical for understanding language
Wernick’s aphasia- empty, fluent speech, loss of speech comprehension, little meaningful words
What are Broca’s and Wernicke’s connected by?
Arcuate fasciculus (white matter tract)
What is a lesion on the tract called? What would be the symptoms?
conduction aphasia: difficulty repeating heard speech, can comprehend and articulate
What is the inability to recognize an object placed in the hand called?
asterognosis
What are the 3 primary vesicles (week 3,4,5)?
1.) prosencephalon (forebrain)
2.) mesencephalon (midbrain)
3.) Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
What are the secondary 5 vesicles (5 weeks) and the corresponding adult structures and cavities?
1.) telencephalon
* cerebral hemisphere
* lateral ventricles
2.) Diencephalon
*Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
*Third ventricle
3.) Mesencephalon
*midbrain
*aqueduct of midbrain
4.) Metencephalon
* pons, cerebellum
* upper part of the 4th ventricle
5.) Myelencephalon
* medulla
* lower part of 4th ventricle
What serves as a processing and distribution area?, relaying and regulating info. from the outside world to the internal milieu to the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
Which part involves consciousness, sleep, attention, memory and sensory and motor functions?
Thalamus
The thalamus relays all senses except which?
smell
What functions as the center of the autonomic nervous system, controlling emotion, body temperature, eating, drinking etc?
Hypothalamus
What regulates functions of the major components of the endocrine system through the pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
What region consists of the pineal gland? And therefore circadian rhythm and distribution of pigment melanin in the skin?
epithalamus
Which part of the cerebellum carries axons that connect the cerebellem to the red nuceus of the midbrain and thalamus?
superior cerebellar peduncles
Which part of the cerebellum connects the pontine nuclei of the pons to the cerebellum?
middle cerebellar peduncle
Which part of the cerebellum carries bundles of axons traveling between the medulla and cerebellum?
inferior cerebellar peduncles
What are the deep cerebellar nuclei? And where are they located?
1.) fastigial
2.) globose
3.) emboliform
4.) dentate
white matter surrounded by the cerebellar cortex of grey matter
Primary function of the cerebellum?
coordination of voluntary movements and maintaining posture and balance
What is the most important area for heart rate and breathing?
Brainstem
Where does the nuclei of cranial nerves 3-12 originate?
medulla (brainstem)
What is composed of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain?
Brainstem
What part connects the pons and the diencephalon?
midbrain
Nuclei deep in the colliculi are a relay center for what reflexes? Inf./sup.?
inf= auditory
sup= visual
What does the substantia nigra regulate?
voluntary movements
What is the site of the production of natural painkillers? (endorphin and enkenphalins)
Periaqueductal Gray Matter
What is the roof behind the cerebral aqueduct?
tectum
What keeps everything quiet that isn’t required? What disease is a malfunctioning of this area?
substantia nigra
Parkinson’s
Where do cranial nerves VI, CII, VIII emerge from?
ponto-medullary sulcus
What is separated by the pons by a transverse sulcus, the ponto-medullary sulcus?
medulla
What nerves emerge from the anterolateral surface of the medulla oblongate?
IX, X, XI, XII
What is at the junction of the medulla and the spinal cord?
decussation of pyramids
what is the relay for proprioceptive information to the cerebellum?
inferior olivary nucleus
What are the major functional areas in the medulla?
cardiovascular, respiratory, centers that control vomiting, coughing and sneezing.
Nucleus gracilis. Nucleus cuneatus. upper or lower limb?
Nucleus gracilis= lower limb
Nucleus cuneatus=upper limb
Reticular formation is an integral part of the brainstem. True or false.
true
What are the functions of the reticular formation?
1.) pain modulation
2.) control of skeletal muscle
3.) control of autonomic and endocrine systems
4.) circadian rhythms
5.) consciousness
What prevents sensory overload?
reticular formation
What system do general anesthetics work to suppress?
RAS (reticular activating system) or ARAS
