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CBL neuro > Brain formation and fluids > Flashcards

Brain formation and fluids Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrum/central hemispheres

A

telencephalon

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2
Q

Thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

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3
Q

Telecephalon and diencephalon

A

Prosencephalon

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4
Q

Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

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5
Q

Pons and cerebellum

A

Metencephalon

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6
Q

Medulla

A

Myelencephalon

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7
Q

myelencephalon and metencephalon

A

Rhombencephalon

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8
Q

Development of the nervous system

A

Forms early in embryonic life - 3rd week
Develops from ectodermal layer
Neural groove develops in the mid line and neural cells proliferate and form a neural tube
Neural tube forms spinal cord, at the cephalic ( head) end it swells and flexes to form the brain

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9
Q

Neuropores

A

Posterior and anterior neuropores HAVE to close for formation of brain and spinal cord
Posterior - end of spine
anterior - brain
folic acid can help

vertebral column more rapidly than spinal cord

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10
Q

3rd month of development - neural tube

A

Spinal cord extends the entire length of the embryo,spinal nerves pass through the intervertebral foramina at their level of origin

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11
Q

How does the neural tube and vertebral column develop past 3 months

A

Vertebra column and dura lengthen more rapidly than the neural tube/spinal cord ,spinal cord stops and spinal nerves have to run down

Spinal nerves run obliquely from their origin to corresponding level
Large region of vertebral column with no spinal cord

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12
Q

Cauda equina

A

Nerve fibers below the terminal end of the spinal cord

Can access to cerebrospinal fluid within vertebral column and inject anaesthia without affecting spinal cord

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13
Q

Where does spinal cord terminate

Where does dural sac and subarchnoid space terminate

A

Spinal cord l2-l3

s2

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14
Q

What is the filum terminale

A

Below l2-l3
Threadlike extension of the piwqqqa mater forms the filum terminale
Attached to the periosteum of the first coccygeal vertebra and marks the tract of regression of spinal cord

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15
Q

What does the prosencephalon give rise to

ONLY ONCE ANTERIOR neuropore has closed

A

Forebrain
Telencephalon and diencephalon
Secondary vesicles - cerebrum , hypothalamus

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16
Q

What does the mesencephalon give rise to

A

Midbrain
Mesencephalon
secondary vesicles - mid brain

17
Q

What does the rhombencephalon give rise to

A

Hindbrain
Metencephalon and myelencephalon
secondary- pons, cerebellum,

18
Q

Ventricular system in the brain formation

A

spaces within neural tube
Either side: from superior to inferior
Lateral ventricles, third ventricles, aqueduct
4th ventricle

19
Q

Cortical development - synapses and prunation

A

Synapses form fastest at 2-3 years old,

prunation/elimination at birth of nuerones

20
Q

3 meninges of the brain

A 
Dura mater 
subdural space 
Arachnoid mater 
subarachnoid space 
Pia mater
BRain
21
Q

DURA MATER - 2 layers

A

Thickest

Superficial- endosteal layer
Deep- meningeal, continuous with dura of spinal cord

2 layers close together except for areas where meningeal layer dips down into brain fissures

22
Q

Falx cerbri

A

Layer of dura meter
Throuhg hemisphere
Vertical fold
Longitudinal fissure

23
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

fold lying above the cerebellum and below the cerebrum

roofs over the posterior cranial fossa, opening (tentorial notch )remains to allow the midbrain to pass through

24
Q

Space occupying legion e.g. tumour

A

Dura is tough and immovable - brain may be pressed against tentorial notch

25
Q

ARACHNOID mater

A

Seperated from dura by subdural space and seperated from pia by subarachnoid ( CSF)
Blood vessels and cranial nerves lie in subarachnoid space
Arachnoid bridges over sulci ( grooves) of brain
Arachnoid projects through dura into venous sinuses( arachnoid villi forming arachnoid granulations) in some places

26
Q

ARACHNOID VILLI

A

One way valves

allow CSF to drain into sinuses and then venous system

27
Q

Pia mater

A

thinnest
closesly follows brain surface, extends down to sulci
Cerebral arteries entering brain have covering of pia mater

28
Q

Headache - how is it detected

A

brain itself has NO pain receptors

Stretching/irritation of meninges or blood vessels causes headache

29
Q

Bacterial meninigitis

A

Inflammation
Build up of fluid ( cerebral oedema) and increase in internal pressure = reduced blood supply
Diagnosis by CSF - high white cells, high protein, low glucose

30
Q

What fills the ventricle system

A

CSF- ultrafiltrate of blood

31
Q

How does CSF leak

A

From 4th ventricle via 2 apertures - median and lateral

goes into subarachnoid space

32
Q

Function of CSF

A

Removes waste products
Transports signalling molecules
Renders the brain buoyant
Supports, cushions and evenly distributes pressure on teh brain
flows all around brain, at arachnoid granulations at TOP - CSF absorbed into SSS

33
Q

How does CSF get secreted

A

ACTIVELY by choroid plexus tissue

34
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Network of capillaries seperated from ventricles by choroid epihtelial cells

35
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Because CSF is continuously poduced ,blockages in circulation, drainage or excess production cause increase in intracranial pressure

  • occur at interventricular foramen and cerebral aqueduct
  • new born = ventricular and skull dilation
  • adults - cranial cavity is closed , increase in cranial pressure headaches etc
36
Q

How to relieve cranial pressure

A

Shunt to remove excess fluid

Blockage can be caused by tumour - removing tumor relieves pressure

37
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Tight junctions between epithelial cells

Atrocytes on brain side- regulate blood flow , close connections with basement membrane of epihtelial cells

38
Q

How do substances cross blood brain barrier

A

Water soluble - straight through paracellular
Lipid soluble - transcellular lipophilic pathway
Transport proteins
Receptor mediated transycotsis , insulin
Absorpitive transcytosis - albumin

39
Q

CSF from subarachnoid to saggital sinus

A

The CSF from the subarachnoid space is eventually reabsorbed through outpouchings into the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) known as the arachnoid granulations.

CBL neuro (9 decks)

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