brain edema, herniation, tumors Flashcards

1
Q

what type of brain edema causes intracellular swelling secondary to direct cell injury

A

cytotoxic edema

cyto= cell

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2
Q

cytotoxic edema caused by failure of what

A

failur of homeostatic mechanisms that maintain cell size

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3
Q

cytotoxic edema represents what that is caused by homeostatic failure

A

ATP failure

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4
Q

what type of brain edema is caused by increased permeability of capillary endothelial cells

A

vasogenic edema

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5
Q

what is vasogenic edema

A
  1. Vasogenic Edema (Barrier Breakdown - Fluid Leaks In)
    • Cause: Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (e.g., tumors, trauma, infections).
    • Where?: Extracellular space (fluid leaks between brain cells).
    • Key Feature: Affects white matter more.
    • Example: Brain tumors, abscesses, stroke.
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6
Q

examples of vasogenic edema are

A

tumors
ICH
infarcts
abseccess
cns infections

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7
Q

what is the tx of vasogenic edema

A

steroid therapy : gd for mass lesions

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8
Q

what types is caused by increased fluid in periventricular white matter due to obstruction of csf flow

A

interstitial edema

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9
Q

examples of interstitial edema

A

•Example: Hydrocephalus (fluid accumulation in the brain)

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10
Q

treat interstitial edema

A

reduce csf pressure

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11
Q

what happens in tonsillar herniation

A

foramen magnum herniation or coning
the cerebellar tonsils herniate thru foramen magnum compress medulla oblongata and upper cervical sc

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12
Q

what are complications of tonsillar herniation

A

cardiopulmonary irregularities

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13
Q

what happens in subfalcine herniation

A

cingulate gyrus is displaced under falx cerebri by a high supratentorial mass in one hemisphere

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14
Q

what artery is compressed in subfalcine

A

anterior cerebral atery

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15
Q

what part of the brain is infarcted in subfalcine

A

paramedian cortex (frontal and parietal)

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16
Q

what veins can subfalcine compress

A

bridging veins that drain superior sagittal sinus

17
Q

what type of tumor is benign well circumscribed in posterior fossa mostly occurs in children

A

pilocytic astrocytoma

18
Q

diffuse astrocytoma is found mostly found where and is it benign or malignant

A

cerebral hemispheres and it is benign

19
Q

anaplastic astrocytoma is characterized by what

A

-malignant
-increase in cellularity
-inc in mitotic activity
-atypia

20
Q

glioblastoma astrocytoma features

A

-malignant
-progresses rapidly
-poor prognosis
-central necrosis and vascular prolif

21
Q

where does meningioma arise from

A

arise from meninges and is benign

22
Q

what do pts with vestibular schwannoma present with

A

-unilateral hearing loss
-tinnitus
-vertigo
-loss of balance

23
Q

vestibular schwannoma occurs due to damage to what

A

vestibular nerve that is associated with balance

24
Q

where does vestibular schwannoma originate from

A

cerebello-pontine angle

25
Q

medulloblastoma features

A

-children
-neuroectodermal tumor
-arise from 4th vent
-post fossa
-highly malignant

26
Q

presentation of pt with medulloblastoma

A

obstructive hydrocephalus
raised icp

27
Q

where does craniopharyngioma arise from

A

from rathkes pouch embryo structure contributes to pituitary gland

28
Q

what is the most common suprasellar tumor in children

A

craniopharyngioma

29
Q

what do pts with craniopharyngioma present with

A

hypopituitarism
homonymous hemianopia

30
Q

what to pts present with symptoms in subfalcine herniatiom

A

gait problem since aca is compressed and is in frontal lobe with controls movementsof lower limbs

31
Q

in uncal herniation where is it located in brain

A

in temporal lobe

32
Q

what are symptoms in uncal herniation

A

Think of the uncus (part of the temporal lobe) as a piece of brain tissue that gets pushed downward due to swelling or bleeding. This squeezes important brain structures, leading to three key symptoms:

Easy Way to Remember Symptoms – “Big Pupil, Bad Eye, Body Weak”
1. “Big Pupil” (Blown Pupil - One Large, Non-Reactive Pupil)
• The pupil on the same side as the herniation gets huge and doesn’t react to light.
• This happens because the oculomotor nerve (CN III) is squished, stopping pupil control.
2. “Bad Eye” (Eye Looks Down & Out + Droopy Eyelid)
• The eye on the same side can’t move properly → It points down & out.
• The eyelid droops (ptosis) because the nerve controlling eye muscles is compressed.
3. “Body Weak” (Weakness on the Opposite Side)
• The opposite side of the body becomes weak or paralyzed.
• This happens because the brainstem gets compressed, affecting movement signals.

33
Q

what type of herniation is when both temporal lobes herniate thru tentorial notch bcz of bilateral mass effects

A

central herniation

34
Q

what is compressed in tonsillar herniation

A

medulla oblongata contains resp centers (DRG+VRG) and upper sc

35
Q

on mri what does glioblastoma appear

A

ring enhancing lesion

36
Q

what is cytotoxic edema

A

Cytotoxic Edema (Cell Swelling - Fluid Stuck Inside)
• Cause: Brain cells can’t regulate water properly (e.g., oxygen deprivation).
• Where?: Inside brain cells (neurons and glial cells swell up).
• Key Feature: Affects both gray and white matter.
• Example: Stroke, toxins, hypoxia (lack of oxygen).

37
Q

what is interstitial edema in brain

A

Interstitial Edema (CSF Overflow - Fluid Buildup Outside)
• Cause: Blocked cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage (e.g., hydrocephalus).
• Where?: Periventricular space (around the brain’s ventricles).
• Key Feature: Caused by excess CSF, not direct blood-brain barrier damage.
• Example: Hydrocephalus (fluid accumulation in the brain).