brain edema, herniation, tumors

Question 1

what type of brain edema causes intracellular swelling secondary to direct cell injury

Answer 1

cytotoxic edema

cyto= cell

Question 2

cytotoxic edema caused by failure of what

Answer 2

failur of homeostatic mechanisms that maintain cell size

Question 3

cytotoxic edema represents what that is caused by homeostatic failure

Answer 3

ATP failure

Question 4

what type of brain edema is caused by increased permeability of capillary endothelial cells

Answer 4

vasogenic edema

Question 5

what is vasogenic edema

Answer 5

1. Vasogenic Edema (Barrier Breakdown - Fluid Leaks In)
   • Cause: Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (e.g., tumors, trauma, infections).
   • Where?: Extracellular space (fluid leaks between brain cells).
   • Key Feature: Affects white matter more.
   • Example: Brain tumors, abscesses, stroke.

Question 6

examples of vasogenic edema are

Answer 6

tumors
ICH
infarcts
abseccess
cns infections

Question 7

what is the tx of vasogenic edema

Answer 7

steroid therapy : gd for mass lesions

Question 8

what types is caused by increased fluid in periventricular white matter due to obstruction of csf flow

Answer 8

interstitial edema

Question 9

examples of interstitial edema

Answer 9

•Example: Hydrocephalus (fluid accumulation in the brain)

Question 10

treat interstitial edema

Answer 10

reduce csf pressure

Question 11

what happens in tonsillar herniation

Answer 11

foramen magnum herniation or coning
the cerebellar tonsils herniate thru foramen magnum compress medulla oblongata and upper cervical sc

Question 12

what are complications of tonsillar herniation

Answer 12

cardiopulmonary irregularities

Question 13

what happens in subfalcine herniation

Answer 13

cingulate gyrus is displaced under falx cerebri by a high supratentorial mass in one hemisphere

Question 14

what artery is compressed in subfalcine

Answer 14

anterior cerebral atery

Question 15

what part of the brain is infarcted in subfalcine

Answer 15

paramedian cortex (frontal and parietal)

Question 16

what veins can subfalcine compress

Answer 16

bridging veins that drain superior sagittal sinus

Question 17

what type of tumor is benign well circumscribed in posterior fossa mostly occurs in children

Answer 17

pilocytic astrocytoma

Question 18

diffuse astrocytoma is found mostly found where and is it benign or malignant

Answer 18

cerebral hemispheres and it is benign

Question 19

anaplastic astrocytoma is characterized by what

Answer 19

-malignant
-increase in cellularity
-inc in mitotic activity
-atypia

Question 20

glioblastoma astrocytoma features

Answer 20

-malignant
-progresses rapidly
-poor prognosis
-central necrosis and vascular prolif

Question 21

where does meningioma arise from

Answer 21

arise from meninges and is benign

Question 22

what do pts with vestibular schwannoma present with

Answer 22

-unilateral hearing loss
-tinnitus
-vertigo
-loss of balance

Question 23

vestibular schwannoma occurs due to damage to what

Answer 23

vestibular nerve that is associated with balance

Question 24

where does vestibular schwannoma originate from

Answer 24

cerebello-pontine angle

Question 25

medulloblastoma features

Answer 25

-children -neuroectodermal tumor -arise from 4th vent -post fossa -highly malignant

Question 26

presentation of pt with medulloblastoma

Answer 26

obstructive hydrocephalus raised icp

Question 27

where does craniopharyngioma arise from

Answer 27

from rathkes pouch embryo structure contributes to pituitary gland

Question 28

what is the most common suprasellar tumor in children

Answer 28

craniopharyngioma

Question 29

what do pts with craniopharyngioma present with

Answer 29

hypopituitarism homonymous hemianopia

Question 30

what to pts present with symptoms in subfalcine herniatiom

Answer 30

gait problem since aca is compressed and is in frontal lobe with controls movementsof lower limbs

Question 31

in uncal herniation where is it located in brain

Answer 31

in temporal lobe

Question 32

what are symptoms in uncal herniation

Answer 32

Think of the uncus (part of the temporal lobe) as a piece of brain tissue that gets pushed downward due to swelling or bleeding. This squeezes important brain structures, leading to three key symptoms: Easy Way to Remember Symptoms – “Big Pupil, Bad Eye, Body Weak” 1. “Big Pupil” (Blown Pupil - One Large, Non-Reactive Pupil) • The pupil on the same side as the herniation gets huge and doesn’t react to light. • This happens because the oculomotor nerve (CN III) is squished, stopping pupil control. 2. “Bad Eye” (Eye Looks Down & Out + Droopy Eyelid) • The eye on the same side can’t move properly → It points down & out. • The eyelid droops (ptosis) because the nerve controlling eye muscles is compressed. 3. “Body Weak” (Weakness on the Opposite Side) • The opposite side of the body becomes weak or paralyzed. • This happens because the brainstem gets compressed, affecting movement signals.

Question 33

what type of herniation is when both temporal lobes herniate thru tentorial notch bcz of bilateral mass effects

Answer 33

central herniation

Question 34

what is compressed in tonsillar herniation

Answer 34

medulla oblongata contains resp centers (DRG+VRG) and upper sc

Question 35

on mri what does glioblastoma appear

Answer 35

ring enhancing lesion

Question 36

what is cytotoxic edema

Answer 36

Cytotoxic Edema (Cell Swelling - Fluid Stuck Inside) • Cause: Brain cells can’t regulate water properly (e.g., oxygen deprivation). • Where?: Inside brain cells (neurons and glial cells swell up). • Key Feature: Affects both gray and white matter. • Example: Stroke, toxins, hypoxia (lack of oxygen).

Question 37

what is interstitial edema in brain

Answer 37

Interstitial Edema (CSF Overflow - Fluid Buildup Outside) • Cause: Blocked cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage (e.g., hydrocephalus). • Where?: Periventricular space (around the brain’s ventricles). • Key Feature: Caused by excess CSF, not direct blood-brain barrier damage. • Example: Hydrocephalus (fluid accumulation in the brain).