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Nervous system > Brain dissection > Flashcards

Brain dissection Flashcards

1
Q

Rostral

A

At front, by nose

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2
Q

Causal

A

Posterior brain - towards tail

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3
Q

Dorsal

A

Back of animal

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4
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom/abdomen of animal

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5
Q

Coronal plane

A

Divides brain into rostral/anterior and caudal/posterior sections

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6
Q

Sagittal planes

A

Divides brain into lateral and medial

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7
Q

What are the meninges?

A

3 layers forming a protective covering

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8
Q

What are the layers of the meninges (superficial going in)

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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9
Q

What is the dura mater divided into?

A

Meningeal layer and periosteal layer (closer to bone)

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10
Q

Where is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Runs on border of middle and posterior cranial fossa, sits between occipital lobe (cerebral hemispheres) and cerebellum

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11
Q

Where is the optic chiasma?

A

Forms cross on bottom of brain

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12
Q

Characteristics of epidural hematoma

A

Skull fracture, young patients, middle meningeal artery, arterial, bright red blood, unilateral
Tend to lose consciousness after a few hours

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13
Q

Hallmark of epidural hematoma

A

Biconvex, bright white area

Blood pushes brain to other side

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14
Q

Characteristics of subdural bleeding

A
  • Much more diverse causes
  • Sudden change of velocity of the head
  • Usually last tributaries are affected
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15
Q

Hallmark of subdural bleeding

A

Sickle shaped area

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16
Q

Symptoms of subarachnoid bleed

A

Thunderclap headache

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17
Q

How to detect subarachnoid bleed

A

Blood enters CSF so can be detected during Lp

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18
Q

What is inter-ventricular bleeding?

A

Bleeding inside brain - increased ICP and shifting of brain

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19
Q

Characteristics of a brain hernia

A
  • Raised ICP
  • Supratentorial herniation: uncal (transentorial), central, cingulate (subfalcine/transfalcine), transcalvarial
  • Infratentorial herniation: upwards (upward cerebellar or upward transtentorial)
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20
Q

Symptoms of meningitis

A

Fever, headache, neck stiffness, confusion, unconsciousness, vomiting, inability to tolerate light

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21
Q

What is meningitis?

A
  • Acute inflammation of protective membranes covering brain and spinal cord, collectively known as meninges
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22
Q

What is bacterial meningitis?

A

Low glucose in CSF because bacteria using glucose

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23
Q

How to reduce ICP

A

Blood escapes through tentorium notch on tentorium membrane

Veins between layers that drain brain

24
Q

What is the confluence of veins that drain brain?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

25
Q

Characteristics of arachnoid mater

A

Very thin - like spider web
CSF found within
If arteries burst and released into sub arachnoid mater, RBCs diluted with CSF

26
Q

What is essentially a stroke?

A

Leak of blood into CSF

27
Q

What is a haematoma?

A

Solid blood

28
Q

What is a haemorrhage?

A

Fresh blood

29
Q

Symptoms of enlarged pituitary gland

A

Bitemporal hemanopia

30
Q

Function of corpus callosum

A

Connects L and R side of brain using myelinated axons

31
Q

Function of frontal lobe

A

Cognitive functions, control of voluntary movement/activity

32
Q

Function of parietal lobe

A

Senses

33
Q

Function of occipital lobe

A

Vision

34
Q

Function of temporal lobe

A

Memories, integrating them with taste, sound, sight, touch

35
Q

What causes central diabetes insipidus?

A

Deficiency of vasopressin

36
Q

What causes gitanticism and acromegaly?

A

Excess of growth hormone in childhood and adulthood respectively

37
Q

What causes hypothyroidism?

A

Deficiency of TSH

38
Q

What is hyperpituitarism?

A

Increased secretion of 1+ hormones produced by pituitary gland

39
Q

What is hypopituitarism?

A

Decreased secretion of 1+ hormones normally produced by pituitary gland

40
Q

What ispanhypopituitarism?

A

Decreased secretion of most pituitary hormones

41
Q

What are pituitary adenomas?

A

Non-cancerous tumours occurring in pituitary glands

42
Q

Function of midbrain

A

Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wakefulness, arousal, temperature regulation

43
Q

Function of pons

A

Sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder regulation, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions

44
Q

Function of medulla

A

Involuntary functions (e.g. vomiting, sneezing etc), cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers - deals with autonomic functions too

45
Q

What is brainstem death?

A

Absence of cough/gag/corneal/vestibulo-cochlear. reflexes

46
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

Execution and monitoring of commands from motor cortex

47
Q

What does DANISH stand for - cerebellum

A
  • D: dysdiadochokinesis
  • A: ataxia
  • N: nystagmus
  • I: intention tremor
  • S: slurred speech
  • H: heel-shin test positivity
48
Q

Function of 4th ventricle

A

Contains CSF - continuous with cerebral aqueduct - CSF enters sub-arachnoid space from here

49
Q

Function of foramen of Monro

A

From lateral to 3rd ventricle

50
Q

Function of cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)

A

3rd to 4th ventricle

51
Q

Function of median aperture (Magendie)

A

4th ventricle to subarachnoid space via cisterns magna

52
Q

Function of lateral apertures (Luschka)

A

4th ventricle to sub arachnoid space vis great cerebral vein

53
Q

Function of superior colliculus

A

Orientate animal, particularly eye movement

54
Q

Function of inferior colliculus

A

Auditory center, signal integration, frequency recognition, pitch discrimination

55
Q

Characteristics of grey matter

A
  • Largely made out of cell bodies of neurons
  • Fully develops when person reaches 25
  • Conducts, processes and sends information to various parts of the body
  • 40% of brain
56
Q

Characteristics of white matter

A
  • Myelinated axons
  • Myelin has a lot of fat - appears white
  • 60% of brain
  • Bundles connect various grey matter areas
  • Develops throughout 20s and peaks in middle age
  • Interprets information from various parts of the body
  • Raising body temperature makes white matter translucent - melts it
  • Cerebellum is opposite of spinal cord in terms of grey and white matter
57
Q

Sequence of ventricles

A

Lateral - 3rd - aqueduct - 4th

Escapes from 4th to travel to larger ventricles in sub arachnoid space

Nervous system (24 decks)

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