Brain development Flashcards
What are the stages of the embryo
- Blastula stage: 1 week after fertilization
- Gastrula stage: 3 weeks postconception, begins at E13 in
humans.
3.Neurula stage: induction of the neural plate is through signaling
from the mesoderm
What is the most important time in ones life?
Gastrulation
What occurs during gastrulation?
Gastrulation is a key developmental process during embryogenesis where the blastula transforms into the gastrula. During gastrulation, three primary germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) are established through invagination, involution, and migration of cells. This process sets the foundation for the formation of the body plan and the development of various tissues and organs.
What is neurolation
The process by which the neural plate becomes the neural tube (22 days after conception)
What is the Spemann Organizer?
The Spemann Organizer is essential for establishing the body axes and organizing the development of various tissues and organs in vertebrate embryos.
What can prevent birth defect Spina bifida
folic acid
Do neural stem cells generate neurons or glia first?
Neurons
What is the Notch pathway?
The Notch pathway plays crucial roles in embryogenesis, organogenesis, and tissue homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates.
What happens during Migration
- Non-devided cells migrate from the ventricular zone to their settling point in the cortical plate (gray matter for the cortex)
- On the cortical plate neurons become organised into well defined layers
What are proneural proteins?
Proneural proteins are transcription factors that play a key role in promoting neurogenesis, the process by which neural progenitor cells differentiate into neurons.
What does differentiation refer to in brain development
Once cells reach their destination in the cortex, particular ones turned on to become spesialised cells
What are the key stages of development?
gastrulation
neural tube closure
neurogenesis
migration,
differentiation
support cells
synaptogenesis
myelination
What does the Grey matter consists of?
mainly of neuronal cell bodies and supporting cells (glia,
vasculature)
What does the White matter consists of?
mainly of myelinated axons and supporting cells (glia)
What are the ventricular systems spaces within the brain filled with
cerebrospinal fluid
What is an axons function?
electrical impulses are transferred FROM one cell to the next by
secretion of neuromodulators and neurotransmitters
What function do dendrites have?
Receive impulses and carry them toward the cell body
Describe the 4 tightly regulated processes of Neurotransmission:
- Neurotransmitter release
- Neurotransmitter sites of action
- Neurotransmitter degradation (break down)
- Neurotransmitter synthesis and storage
What happens when the equilibrium of synaptic signaling is altered?
When this equilibrium is disrupted, it leads to abnormal patterns of synaptic signaling, which ultimately manifest as behavioral consequences.
What are the duties of supporting cells?
- seperate neurons from one another
- procude the myelin sheath
- provide active phagocytosis to remove cellular debris
- contribute to the blood.brain barrier
- neurglial cells
- Schwann cells and satellite cells
