Brain development

Question 1

What are the stages of the embryo

Answer 1

1. Blastula stage: 1 week after fertilization
2. Gastrula stage: 3 weeks postconception, begins at E13 in
   humans.

3.Neurula stage: induction of the neural plate is through signaling
from the mesoderm

Question 2

What is the most important time in ones life?

Answer 2

Gastrulation

Question 3

What occurs during gastrulation?

Answer 3

Gastrulation is a key developmental process during embryogenesis where the blastula transforms into the gastrula. During gastrulation, three primary germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) are established through invagination, involution, and migration of cells. This process sets the foundation for the formation of the body plan and the development of various tissues and organs.

Question 4

What is neurolation

Answer 4

The process by which the neural plate becomes the neural tube (22 days after conception)

Question 5

What is the Spemann Organizer?

Answer 5

The Spemann Organizer is essential for establishing the body axes and organizing the development of various tissues and organs in vertebrate embryos.

Question 6

What can prevent birth defect Spina bifida

Answer 6

folic acid

Question 7

Do neural stem cells generate neurons or glia first?

Answer 7

Neurons

Question 8

What is the Notch pathway?

Answer 8

The Notch pathway plays crucial roles in embryogenesis, organogenesis, and tissue homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates.

Question 9

What happens during Migration

Answer 9

• Non-devided cells migrate from the ventricular zone to their settling point in the cortical plate (gray matter for the cortex)
• On the cortical plate neurons become organised into well defined layers

Question 10

What are proneural proteins?

Answer 10

Proneural proteins are transcription factors that play a key role in promoting neurogenesis, the process by which neural progenitor cells differentiate into neurons.

Question 11

What does differentiation refer to in brain development

Answer 11

Once cells reach their destination in the cortex, particular ones turned on to become spesialised cells

Question 12

What are the key stages of development?

Answer 12

gastrulation
neural tube closure
neurogenesis
migration,
differentiation
support cells
synaptogenesis
myelination

Question 13

What does the Grey matter consists of?

Answer 13

mainly of neuronal cell bodies and supporting cells (glia,
vasculature)

Question 14

What does the White matter consists of?

Answer 14

mainly of myelinated axons and supporting cells (glia)

Question 15

What are the ventricular systems spaces within the brain filled with

Answer 15

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 16

What is an axons function?

Answer 16

electrical impulses are transferred FROM one cell to the next by
secretion of neuromodulators and neurotransmitters

Question 17

What function do dendrites have?

Answer 17

Receive impulses and carry them toward the cell body

Question 18

Describe the 4 tightly regulated processes of Neurotransmission:

Answer 18

1. Neurotransmitter release
2. Neurotransmitter sites of action
3. Neurotransmitter degradation (break down)
4. Neurotransmitter synthesis and storage

Question 19

What happens when the equilibrium of synaptic signaling is altered?

Answer 19

When this equilibrium is disrupted, it leads to abnormal patterns of synaptic signaling, which ultimately manifest as behavioral consequences.

Question 20

What are the duties of supporting cells?

Answer 20

• seperate neurons from one another
• procude the myelin sheath
• provide active phagocytosis to remove cellular debris
• contribute to the blood.brain barrier
• neurglial cells
• Schwann cells and satellite cells