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Neuroscience > BRAIN control of Movement > Flashcards

BRAIN control of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

lower motor neuron lesion

what would happen if you damaged 1 lower motor neurone in the body

A

only the muscles that are innvervated by those nerves those are damaged

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2
Q

descending spinal tracts

what are the lateral descending spinal tracts and what are their function?

A
  • corticospinal tract
  • rubrospinal tract

responsible for fine/discrete motor control (i.e picking up a small object)

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3
Q

descending spinal tracts

what are the 4 ventromedial descending spinal tracts?

A
  • tectospinal tract
  • vestibulospinal tract
  • pontine reticulospinal tract
  • medullary reticulospinal tract
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4
Q

lateral pathways: corticospinal/pyramidal tract

where does the corticospinal tract originate, where does it cross over and where does it collect

A
  • originates in motor cortex
  • decussates at pyramids
  • collects in lateral column of spinal cord
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5
Q

corticospinal tract

what side of the body does the corticospinal tract control?

A

controls the contralateral side (opposite side to where it originates)

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6
Q

lateral pathways

what are the other 2 branches of the corticospinal tract, what percentage of the tract do they make up and where do they cross over

A

anterior corticospinal tract:
- 8 percent
- does not cross over at pyramids, instead crosses over where it is going to synapse

uncrossed lateral corticospinal tract:
- 2 percent
- does not cross over at all

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7
Q

concscious motor command

explain how conscious motor command from the cortex to the periphery through the central nervous system works for the corticospinal tract

A
  1. first order motor nerve fibres (upper motor neurones) of corticospinal tract run through midbrain and decussate at the medulla, where they then descend down the lateral white matter of the spinal cord
  2. when it reaches the periphery, the upper motor nerve synapses with the alpha, second order motor nerve fibres (lower motor neurones) in the anterior (ventral) horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord.
  3. the second order motor nerve fibres exit spinal cord in the ventral spinal root
  4. the anterior (ventral) and posterior (Dorsal) roots join to form the spinal nerve which exits the vertebral column through the intervertebral foramen
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8
Q

other lateral pathways

where does the rubrospinal tract originate from and what is the source of input for this origin

A
  • originates from red nucleus in brainstem
  • motor cortex is source of input
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9
Q

ventromedial pathways

what does the vestibulospinal tract control, where does it originate and what is its function

A
  • controls posture of head and neck
  • originates in vestibular nuclei
  • relays information from vestibular labyrith of inner ear
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10
Q

ventromedial pathways

where does the tectospinal tract originate, what type of information does its origin receive and what is its function

A
  • originates in Superior colliculus/optic tectum
  • optic tectum receives visual, auditory and sensory input
  • function is orienting responses
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11
Q

ventromedial pathways

what does the Pontine (medial) reticulospinal tract enhance and help maintain

A
  • enhances antigravity reflexes of spinal cord
  • helps maintain a standing position
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12
Q

ventromedial pathways

what does the medullary (lateral) reticulospinal tract do and what does it help maintain??

A
  • liberates antigravity muscles from reflex control (i.e dampens down spinal reflex to optimize muscle tone)
  • helps maintain standing position
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13
Q

ventromedial pathways

what is activity in both reticulospinal tracts tracts controlled by?

A
  • controlled by descending signals from motor cortex
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14
Q

lateral descending motor pathways

what do the corticospinal and rubrospinal pathways together make?

A
  • lateral column
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15
Q

brainstem descending motor pathways

what do the tectospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal motor pathways make up and where do they terminate?

A
  • they make up the ventromedial column
  • terminate in ventromedial spinal grey matter
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16
Q

brainstem descending motor pathways

where does the rubrospinal tract terminate?

A

terminates in the ventrolateral spinal grey matter

17
Q

descending motor pathways

what are upper motor neurones/first order neurones in the cortex that communicate with neurones in the brainstem called?

A

corticobulbar tracts

18
Q

descending motor pathways

what are neurones that originate in the brainstem and communicate with neurones in the spinal cord called

A

bulbospinal tracts

19
Q

locked in syndrome

what is locked-in syndrome and what does it cause

A
  • lesion basilar pons

significant loss of function in corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts, so:
- paralysis of most motor functions like limbs and motor cranial nerves

20
Q

locked in syndrome

what is the only things retained in locked in syndrome

A
  • blinking
  • vertical gaze
21
Q

motor cortex

what is to the left of the central sulcus

A

primary motor cortex

22
Q

what 2 places does the supplementary motor area receive input from and what is its role

A
  • cerebellum
  • basal ganglia

role in coordinating voluntary movement

23
Q

what 3 places does the primary motor cortex receive information from?

A

From:
- primary somatosensory crotex
- supplementary motor area
- premotor cortex

24
Q

what does the promotr cortex play a role in

A

role in movements that need visual guidance

25
Q

what does the primary somatosensory cortex do for the primary motor cortex

A
  • delivers proprioceptie and tactile inputs to primary motor cortex
26
Q

what do patients with SMA lesions display?

A

apraxia

27
Q

what is apraxia

A

inability to initiate specific purposeful movements

28
Q

what does the posterior parietal cortex play role in

A

role in movements that need visual guidances

29
Q

waht do patients with PPC lesions display?

A

display:
- apraxia
- sensory neglect

30
Q

cortiocospinal tract lesions

what 2 things does injury to a lower motor neuron in the cortiocospinal tract lead to and what side of the body will the effects be seen?

A
  • muscle weakness/total paralysis of muscles supplied by this nerve
  • reduced/absent muscle tone (hypotonia)
  • ## These symptoms will be seen on the SAME side of the body
31
Q

what 4 things can happens if there is a lesion in the upper motor neurones and where will these symptoms be seen?

A
  • muscle weakness/total paralysis of muscles
  • increased muscle tone (hypertonia)
  • spasticity
  • abnormal reflexes like Babinski reflex
  • These symptoms will be seen on the OPPOSITE side of the body

Neuroscience (22 decks)

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