Brain anatomy and physiology

Question 1

Lateral central fissure separates

Answer 1

temporal from frontal and parietal lobes

Question 2

Longitudinal cerebral fissure separates

Answer 2

cerebral hemispheres

Question 3

Central sulcus separates

Answer 3

frontal lobe from parietal lobe

Question 4

Frontal lobe contains:

Answer 4

Precentral gyrus - primary motor cortex
Prefrontal cortex - emotions and judgments
Broca’s area - motor aspects of speech

Question 5

Parietal lobe contains:

Answer 5

Postcentral gyrus - primary sensory cortex

Receives fibers conveying touch, prop, pain, temp from opp side of body

Question 6

Temporal lobe contains:

Answer 6

Primary auditory cortex
Associative auditory cortex
Wernicke’s area - language comprehension

Question 7

Occipital lobe contains:

Answer 7

Primary visual cortex

Visual association cortex

Question 8

Insula is located

Answer 8

deep within lateral sulcus

associated with visceral functions

Question 9

Limbic system consists of the

Answer 9

limbic lobe
hippocampal formation
amygdaloid nucleus 
hypothalamus
anterior nucleus of thalamus

Question 10

White matter - Transverse commissural fibers do what

Answer 10

Interconnect two hemispheres

Include corpus callosum, anterior commissure, and hippocampal commissure

Question 11

White matter - Projection fibers do what

Answer 11

connect cerebral hemispheres with other portions of brain and spinal cord

Question 12

White matter - Association fibers do what

Answer 12

Connect different portions of the cerebral hemispheres to allow cortex to function as an integrated whole

Question 13

Cerebral hemispheres AKA

Answer 13

telencephalon

Question 14

Basal ganglia - mass of ____ that includes what

Answer 14

gray matter
includes striatum (caudate, nucleus accumbens, putamen), GP, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra

Question 15

BG - lenticular nucleus refers to what

Answer 15

GP and putament

Question 16

Circuit in BG - Oculomotor - originates where and projects to where

Answer 16

Originates in frontal and supplementary motor eye fields and projects to caudate - functions with saccadic eye movements

Question 17

Circuit in BG - Motor (putamen loop) - originates where and projects to where

Answer 17

Originates in precentral motor and postcentral somatosensory areas
Projects to and excites putamen neurons - putamen cells inhibit GP which boosts activity in ventral lateral nucleus and SMA - functions to scale amplitude and velocity of movements
reinforces selected pattern, suppresses conflicting patterns
Preparatory for movement

Question 18

Circuit in BG - Limbic - originates where and projects to where

Answer 18

Originates in prefrontal and limbic areas - to BG - to prefrontal cortex
Functions to organize behaviors and for procedural learning

Question 19

Diencephalon includes

Answer 19

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus

Question 20

Diencephalon - thalamus - types of nuclei

Answer 20

Motor
Sensory
Other - visceral and somatic functions

Question 21

Diencephalon - subthalamus - involved in

Answer 21

control of several functional pathways for sensory, motor and reticular function

Question 22

Diencephalon - Hypothalamus - does what

Answer 22

Integrates and controls functions of autonomic NS and neuroendocrine system
Maintains body homeostasis

Question 23

Diencephalon - Epithalamus - Consists of what

Answer 23

Habenular nuclei - olfactory, visceral, and somatic afferents
Pineal gland - hormones that influence circadian rhythm

Question 24

Brainstem includes what

Answer 24

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

Question 25

Brainstem - Midbrain - connects

Answer 25

pons to cerebrum | Superior peduncle connects midbrain to cbm

Question 26

Brainstem - midbrain - tegumentum contains

Answer 26

all ascending and descending tracts

Question 27

Brainstem - midbrain - substantia nigra is what

Answer 27

large motor nucleus connecting with BG and cortex | Important for motor control and muscle tone

Question 28

Brainstem - midbrain - superior colliculus is important for what

Answer 28

Important relay station for vision and visual reflexes

Question 29

Brainstem - midbrain - inferior colliculus is important for what

Answer 29

Important relay station for hearing and auditory reflexes

Question 30

Brainstem - midbrain - periaqueductal gray contains

Answer 30

endorphin producing cells (important for suppression of pain) and descending autonomic tracts

Question 31

Brainstem - pons - connects what

Answer 31

medulla oblongata to midbrain allowing for passage of ascending and descending tracts

Question 32

Brainstem - pons - Anterior basal part acts as

Answer 32

bridge to cerebellum (middle cerebellar peduncle)

Question 33

Brainstem - pons - midline raphe nuclei project widely and are important for what

Answer 33

modulating pain and controlling arousal

Question 34

Brainstem - pons - tegumentum contains

Answer 34

important cranial nerve nuclei - Abducens, Trigeminal, Facial, Vestibulocochlear

Question 35

Brainstem - medulla oblongata - connects

Answer 35

spinal cord with pons

Question 36

brainstem - medulla oblongata - inferior cerebellar peduncle relays

Answer 36

dorsal spinocerebellar tract to cbm

Question 37

brainstem - medulla oblongata - corticospinal tracts

Answer 37

decussate (cross) in pyramids

Question 38

brainstem - medulla oblongata - medial longitudinal fasciculus important for

Answer 38

VOR - control of head movements and gaze stabilization

Question 39

brainstem - medulla oblongata - olivary nuclear comples important for

Answer 39

voluntary mvmnt control | connects cbm to brainstem

Question 40

brainstem - medulla oblongata - contains important CN nuclei

Answer 40

hypoglossal, dorsal nucleus of vagus and vestibulocochlear

Question 41

brainstem - medulla oblongata - important centers vital for function

Answer 41

cardiac, resp, vasomotor centers

Question 42

Cbm - located

Answer 42

behind dorsal pons and medualla in posterior fossa

Question 43

Cbm - joint to brainstem by

Answer 43

three pairs of peduncles - sup, mid, inf

Question 44

Cbm - archicerebellum - flocculonodular lobe connects

Answer 44

with vestibular system and is concerned with equilibrium and regulation of muscle tone helps coordinate VOR

Question 45

Cbm - paleocerebellum - rostral cbm, ant lobe AKA spinocerebellum - receives input from

Answer 45

proprioceptive pathways and is concerned with modifying muscle tone and synergistic actions of muscles important in maintenance of posture and voluntary movement control

Question 46

Cbm - neocerebellum - cerebellar hemisphere, post lobe AKA pontocerebellum - receives input from

Answer 46

corticopontocerebellar tracts and olivocerebellar fibers Concerned with smooth coordination of voluntary movements Ensures acurate force, direction, and extend of mvmnt Important for motor learning, sequencing of mvmnts, visually triggered mvmnts