Brain anatomy and physiology Flashcards
Lateral central fissure separates
temporal from frontal and parietal lobes
Longitudinal cerebral fissure separates
cerebral hemispheres
Central sulcus separates
frontal lobe from parietal lobe
Frontal lobe contains:
Precentral gyrus - primary motor cortex
Prefrontal cortex - emotions and judgments
Broca’s area - motor aspects of speech
Parietal lobe contains:
Postcentral gyrus - primary sensory cortex
Receives fibers conveying touch, prop, pain, temp from opp side of body
Temporal lobe contains:
Primary auditory cortex
Associative auditory cortex
Wernicke’s area - language comprehension
Occipital lobe contains:
Primary visual cortex
Visual association cortex
Insula is located
deep within lateral sulcus
associated with visceral functions
Limbic system consists of the
limbic lobe hippocampal formation amygdaloid nucleus hypothalamus anterior nucleus of thalamus
White matter - Transverse commissural fibers do what
Interconnect two hemispheres
Include corpus callosum, anterior commissure, and hippocampal commissure
White matter - Projection fibers do what
connect cerebral hemispheres with other portions of brain and spinal cord
White matter - Association fibers do what
Connect different portions of the cerebral hemispheres to allow cortex to function as an integrated whole
Cerebral hemispheres AKA
telencephalon
Basal ganglia - mass of ____ that includes what
gray matter includes striatum (caudate, nucleus accumbens, putamen), GP, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra
BG - lenticular nucleus refers to what
GP and putament
Circuit in BG - Oculomotor - originates where and projects to where
Originates in frontal and supplementary motor eye fields and projects to caudate - functions with saccadic eye movements
Circuit in BG - Motor (putamen loop) - originates where and projects to where
Originates in precentral motor and postcentral somatosensory areas
Projects to and excites putamen neurons - putamen cells inhibit GP which boosts activity in ventral lateral nucleus and SMA - functions to scale amplitude and velocity of movements
reinforces selected pattern, suppresses conflicting patterns
Preparatory for movement
Circuit in BG - Limbic - originates where and projects to where
Originates in prefrontal and limbic areas - to BG - to prefrontal cortex
Functions to organize behaviors and for procedural learning
Diencephalon includes
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus
Diencephalon - thalamus - types of nuclei
Motor
Sensory
Other - visceral and somatic functions
Diencephalon - subthalamus - involved in
control of several functional pathways for sensory, motor and reticular function
Diencephalon - Hypothalamus - does what
Integrates and controls functions of autonomic NS and neuroendocrine system
Maintains body homeostasis
Diencephalon - Epithalamus - Consists of what
Habenular nuclei - olfactory, visceral, and somatic afferents
Pineal gland - hormones that influence circadian rhythm
Brainstem includes what
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Brainstem - Midbrain - connects
pons to cerebrum
Superior peduncle connects midbrain to cbm
Brainstem - midbrain - tegumentum contains
all ascending and descending tracts
Brainstem - midbrain - substantia nigra is what
large motor nucleus connecting with BG and cortex
Important for motor control and muscle tone
Brainstem - midbrain - superior colliculus is important for what
Important relay station for vision and visual reflexes
Brainstem - midbrain - inferior colliculus is important for what
Important relay station for hearing and auditory reflexes
Brainstem - midbrain - periaqueductal gray contains
endorphin producing cells (important for suppression of pain) and descending autonomic tracts
Brainstem - pons - connects what
medulla oblongata to midbrain allowing for passage of ascending and descending tracts
Brainstem - pons - Anterior basal part acts as
bridge to cerebellum (middle cerebellar peduncle)
Brainstem - pons - midline raphe nuclei project widely and are important for what
modulating pain and controlling arousal
Brainstem - pons - tegumentum contains
important cranial nerve nuclei - Abducens, Trigeminal, Facial, Vestibulocochlear
Brainstem - medulla oblongata - connects
spinal cord with pons
brainstem - medulla oblongata - inferior cerebellar peduncle relays
dorsal spinocerebellar tract to cbm
brainstem - medulla oblongata - corticospinal tracts
decussate (cross) in pyramids
brainstem - medulla oblongata - medial longitudinal fasciculus important for
VOR - control of head movements and gaze stabilization
brainstem - medulla oblongata - olivary nuclear comples important for
voluntary mvmnt control
connects cbm to brainstem
brainstem - medulla oblongata - contains important CN nuclei
hypoglossal, dorsal nucleus of vagus and vestibulocochlear
brainstem - medulla oblongata - important centers vital for function
cardiac, resp, vasomotor centers
Cbm - located
behind dorsal pons and medualla in posterior fossa
Cbm - joint to brainstem by
three pairs of peduncles - sup, mid, inf
Cbm - archicerebellum - flocculonodular lobe connects
with vestibular system and is concerned with equilibrium and regulation of muscle tone
helps coordinate VOR
Cbm - paleocerebellum - rostral cbm, ant lobe AKA spinocerebellum - receives input from
proprioceptive pathways and is concerned with modifying muscle tone and synergistic actions of muscles
important in maintenance of posture and voluntary movement control
Cbm - neocerebellum - cerebellar hemisphere, post lobe AKA pontocerebellum - receives input from
corticopontocerebellar tracts and olivocerebellar fibers
Concerned with smooth coordination of voluntary movements
Ensures acurate force, direction, and extend of mvmnt
Important for motor learning, sequencing of mvmnts, visually triggered mvmnts
