Brain Anatomy

Question 1

• Frontal/Hippo:
• DLPFC involved in? (3)
• VMPFC? (2)
• ACC role? (2) Detects conflict between? Dsfx? (3)
• Injury to DLPFC? (3) Need?
• Injury to VMPFC? Provides? Injury? (3)
• Injury to ACC causes?
• Bilateral hippo dysfx? (3)
• 3 regions of hippocampus? Layers?

Answer 1

• Representation, planning, goal oriented behaviors
• Assessing +/- of a stimuli with dopa/serot.; gains/losses
• Executive fnx, motivation; attention/desired results; poor motivation, apathy, lack of will
• Decreased intention/goals/ less perservation (switch attention)/ need enviromental cues
• Poor social behavior; gut feelings; can’t detect bad decks/ phineus gage
• Abulia, lack of will
• Problems with declarative, spatial, assoc./episodic mem
• Dentate gyrus, hippocampus, subculiculum; 3

Question 2

• Principal cells for dentate gyrus? Hippo? Interneurons in each layer use?
• 3 regions of hippocampus? Adjacent to dentate? Merges with sub?
• Inputs: 1.) Entorhinal: Perforant pathway has axons to? (2) 6 steps?
• 2.) Septan nuclei: Role in? Goes through? (2)
• Sensory components of an episode combined where? How is this done? Essentially a? Done where?
• Hippo dependent memory consolidation when? Interaction between?

Answer 2

• Granule cell; pyramidal; GABA
• CA 1/2/3; CA1; CA3;
  1. ) Dentate and Hippo; Dentate granule –> CA3 –> Collateral from CA3 (Autoassoc, synapse on other CA3, leave via fornix, synapse with CA1 via schaeffer collaterals) –> CA1 to subiculum –> entorhinal cortex –> cortical assoc. areas
• reward and reinforcement; fornix/CA
• Hippocampus; autoassociations at CA3; search engine; CA3 with recurrent collaterals
• Sleep; neocortex and hippo

Question 3

• Gender: 3 components?
• Default state? 5 steps of male?
• Androgen insesnitivity: Testes? Look like? Brain development effect? Why?
• Sex hormones produced where? 3 spots?
• Aphasia in women?
• Sex steroids influence: Prenatal? Perinatal?
• 3 ways sex hormones influence brain?
• 3 brain dimorphisms?
• Steroids interact with? Ex? Application? (2)

Answer 3

• Chrom; somatic (sex parts); psychosocial (view self)
• Female: Y, SRY, TDF, Testes, Release Test. and MIH
• Not descended; female; none; testosterone converted to estradiol by aromatase
• ant. hypothal; Suprachiasmatic, lat/med preoptic
• Less; larger Broca’s
• Organizational irrev.; activational short term
• classic steroid rec., unknown GCPR, direct with GABAr
• Amygdala/ corp. call; lateral fissure (Broca); Ant. hypothal (women have LHRH coupled with gap jxs for synchronized release of LF and FSH, test in fetus prevents this)
• GABAr; Estradiol makes GABAr more receptive; 2x/month = women hyperexcitable = seizures/ irritable

Question 4

• Cerebral Cortex:
• Tradeoff brain makes with neuronal AP’s?
• Bottom up flow: Layer 3 –> ?; respond to?
• Top down: 2,5,6 –> lower layers of? For what?
• Layers 1-3? 4? 5-6?
• Cortex layers? Allocortex? GABAnergic? EEG is?
• EEG rhythms: alpha? beta? delta? gamma?
• Conductor for cortical members? Rhythmic burst?
• ACH on thal? To thalamocortical gate?

Answer 4

• Lower fidelty for lower consumption use
• higher layer 4; response to observations
• Lower layers 1,5,6; predicted response
• Interoffice mail; inbox, outbox
• 6;

Question 5

• Thalamocortical physiology:
• Thalamocoritcal during sleep?
• Physiology: Cortical pyr GLU on? (2) TC cell GLU on? (2) RC gaba on?
• RC cells inhibit what? when?
• TC cells: More depolarized = ? (2)
• T-Type Ca channels: Inactive at? Hyper pol by? Causes? (2)
• This can occur with? Changed activation point from? Treatment? (2) MOA?
• What wakes animals? (3)

Answer 5

• Fire several times then hyperpolarized (delta)
• RC and TC; CP and RC; TC
• TC cells during slow wave sleep
• Ca channels inactive and regular fast Na AP’s predom.
• Depol (-55); RC cells; inactivation gate opens; Ca spikes, Delta waves
• Absense Epilepsy; -85 to -60; ethosuximide/valproic acid = inhibit T type Ca channels
• ACH in reticular activating system; NE from locus coeruleus in thal; seratonin from Raphe to thal

Question 6

• Forebrain/Diencephalon:
• All sensory, motor, limbic go through? Except?
  1. ) Ant. Nucleus: Input? Output? Function? (2)
  2. ) DM: Outsput?
  3. ) Pulvinar: Output? Fxn?
  4. ) LGN: Input? Output? (2) Fxn?
  5. ) MGN: Input? Output? Fxn?
  6. ) VA/VL: Input (2) Output? Fxn?
  7. ) VPM/VPL: Input? Output? Fx?
• papez tract? (8)

Answer 6

• Thalamus; olfactory
  1. ) Mamillary bodies; Ant. limb –> Cing gyrus; Motivation/limbic
  2. ) Ant. Limb –> frontal assoc. cortex
  3. ) Retroventicular –> parieto-occipital assoc cortex; visual
  4. ) Optic tract; retrovent/sublentic –> visual cortex; visual
  5. ) Inf. Collic; Sublent –>auditory cortex; hearing
  6. ) Motor cortex; GP/Cerebellum; movement
  7. ) AL/ML tract; posterior limb –> somatosensory; sens.
• Mam bodies –> MT tract –> AN –> Ant Limb –> Cing Gyrus –>Hippo. –> Fornix –> Mam Bodies

Question 7

• Limbs of internal capsule: Orgin –> Destination
  1. ) Anterior Limb: Nucleus to area? (2)
  2. ) Posterior Limb: Area –> Area? (2)
  3. ) Retrolenticular: Area –> Area? (2)
  4. ) Sublenticular: Area –> Area? (2)
• Broadmans: Related Thal. Nuclei
  1. ) 1-3? 2.) 4? 3.) 17? 4.) 41?
• 44-45 are what? 39-40 are?

Answer 7

1. ) Ant. Nucleus –> Cig. Gyrus; DM nucleus –> PFC
2. ) Motor cortex –> Spinal cord; VPM/VPL –>Post C. gyr
3. ) Pulvinar –> Parietal Assoc; LGN –> visual cortex
4. ) MGN –> Auditory cortex; LGN –> Visual cortex
5. ) VPM/VPL 2.) VA/VL 3.) LGN 4.) MGN
   - Broca; Wernicke’s

Question 8

• Memory: Broca’s Circuit? (5)
• Declarative memory? (3)
• Procedural memory?
• Short term sesnory memory where? Working memory? Long term memory?
• Associative memory: Fewer cues needed due to?
• LTP: Occurs with? Steps? (4) AKA? Occurs where?
• Synapse formation static? Adult neurogenesis?

Answer 8

• Hippo –> mam bodies –> Ant. Nucl –> Cortex –>hippo
• recollect events (temporal/spatial); semantic knowledge
• Learn new skills
• sensory cortex; frontal cprtex; hippo –> cortex
• Caused by LTP
• Synapses occuring often; Pre syn Glu to AMPA; Enough AMPA depol. Post syn; glu + post syn depol opens NMDA; Ca2+ turns on CAM kinase which brings more AMPA recpetors up; CA1/CA3 hippocampus
• No; Can occur (already seen in olfactory)

Question 9

• AD: APP cleaved by what normal? In AD? Leaves? Effect on LTP?
• Emotion: Associative learning where? Ex? Simultaneous? 3 steps? Stim. of neurons in insular cortex? Musc. antags?
• Ach involved in? Treatment of AD? When?

Answer 9

• alpha secr.; Beta and gamma secr.; AB plaques; Decreased
• Amygdala; Aversive food; not necessarily; Try new food, basal forebrain release ACH throughout brain and insular cortex, puking develops CFA; LTP of NMDA; no CFA
• Long term LTP/consolidation; Chol. Agonists; Early on

Question 10

• Glasgow: Ranking of variables? (3)
• Consciousness not equal to? It is? Arises from?
• Delerium?
• Stupor?
• Coma? GS of? Unable to? (3)
• Decerebrate posturing? Due to?
• Decorticate posturing? Due to?
• Brain death: Cessation of? (2) 1.) GCS of? 2.) Motor response? Don’t count? Do? 3.) Brainstem reflexes? 4.) 5 reflex tests/CN’s? 5.) Apnea Test: Check CO2 after?

Answer 10

• Motor>verbalization>eye opening
• awareness/enlightenment/insight; prod of bio events within brainstem and thalamus; intralaminar nuc. of thal
• fluctuating confusion/inattention
• sleep like; takes vigorous stimuli to arouse
• sleep like/unresponsive/no s-w cycles; 8 or less; open eyes, say/rec. words, follow commands
• Ext. UE and LE; Brainstem (bad prog)
• Flex UE/ Ext LE; Hemisphere lesion
  1. ) 3 2.) None; spinal reflexes; seizure/postural 3.) absent 4.) Pupilaary (2/3), occulocephalic (dolls), oculovestibular (8,3,4,6), cough (10), corneal 5/7; gag (9/10); 8 min

Question 11

• Confirmatory tests when? (3)
• Must always check (3)
• Donation after cardiac death?
• After coma: 1.) Chance of death 1 mo after? 2.) VS: reestablish what? Cog fx? Persistant VS? Permanent VS? (2) 3.) MCS: Can do what?

Answer 11

• young child, BP/pulse not stabilized, anatomy doesn’t allow
• Core body temp, BP/HR, toxiciology
  1. ) 50%
  2. ) S-W; none; Persistant = 1 mo; VS traum >12 mo; Anoxia >3 mo
  3. ) Interact sometimes