brain

Question 1

Analgesics in brain injury

Answer 1

-classic COX inhibitors

maybe morphine

Multimodal analgesia, including the use of ketamine, may offer advantages in blocking neuroexcitation through N-methyl-d-aspartate blockade.

Question 2

corticos in brain damage?

Answer 2

Controversy regarding the beneficial effects of MPSS and other steroids remains.

MPSS: A suggested dose for horses is 25 mg/kg, IV bolus, then 5 to 8 mg/kg per hour for 23 hours.

synthetic glucocorticoid with four times more antiinflammatory activity and 0.8 times less mineralocorticoid action compared with cortisol.

Question 3

How could cerebral edema be avoided long term in patients with head trauma?

Answer 3

Induction of prolonged hypernatremia using 3% hypertonic saline administered as a continuous infusion

Head and neck elevation at least 30 degrees above shoulder height

Question 5

association between direct intracranial pressure (ICP) measurement and ultrasonographic measurement of

optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD)

in anesthetized and standing horses?

Answer 5

NO

not consistently