blood

Question 1

Why is phenylephrine use a double edged sword during CPR?

Answer 1

widely used for its a-1 adrenergic activity.

In contrast, its b-adrenergic activity is less crucial and may be detrimental in early CPR because of increased myocardial oxygen demand, predisposing to arrhythmias (Fletcher et al. 2012).

Question 2

SIRS criteria in foals

Answer 2

require the presence of at least 3 of the following criteria, 1 of which must be abnormal temperature or leukocyte count

• abnormal temp
• tachycardia
• tachypnea
• leucocyte abnorm/>5% BANDS
• lactate
• hypoglyc

Question 3

What is the Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram?

Answer 3

Dyson: observation of ≥8/24 behaviours is likely to reflect the presence of musculoskeletal pain

• 1. Repeated changes of head position (up/down), not in rhythm with the trot
• 2. Head tilted or tilting repeatedly
• 3. Head in front of vertical (>30°) for ≥ 10 s
• 4. Head behind vertical (>10°) for ≥ 10 s
• 5. Head position changes regularly, tossed or twisted from side to side, corrected constantly
• 6. Ears rotated back behind vertical or flat (both or one only) ≥5 s; repeatedly lay flat
• 7. Eye lids closed or half closed for 2–5 s; frequent blinking
• 8. Sclera exposed repeatedly
• 9. Intense stare (glazed expression, ‘zoned out’) for ≥ 5 s
• 10. Mouth opening shutting repeatedly with separation of teeth, for ≥ 10 s
• 11. Tongue exposed, protruding or hanging out, and/or moving in and out repeatedly
• 12. Bit pulled through the mouth on one side (left or right), repeatedly
• 13. Tail clamped tightly to middle or held to one side
• 14. Tail swishing large movements: repeatedly up and down/ side to side/ circular; repeatedly during transitions
• 15. A rushed gait (frequency of trot steps > 40/15 s); irregular rhythm in trot or canter; repeated changes of speed in trot or canter
• 16. Gait too slow (frequency of trot steps < 35/15 s); passagelike trot
• 17. Hindlimbs do not follow tracks of forelimbs but repeatedly deviated to left or right; on 3 tracks in trot or canter
• 18. Canter repeated leg changes in front and/or behind; repeated strike off on wrong leg; disunited
• 19. Spontaneous changes of gait (e.g. breaks from canter to trot, or trot to canter)
• 20. Stumbles or trips more than once; repeated bilateral hindlimb toe drag
• 21. Sudden change of direction, against rider’s cues; spooking
• 22. Reluctance to move forwards (has to be kicked verbal encouragement), stops spontaneously
• 23. Rearing (both forelimbs off the ground)
• 24. Bucking or kicking backwards (one or both hindlimbs)