Brain 1-2

Question 1

Brain can be decided in 4 sections

Answer 1

Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebral hemispheres

Question 2

Cerebral Hemisphere is divided up by gyri (ridges of tissue) & sulci (Shallow groves) into…

Answer 2

Frontal
Parietal
temporal
occipital
insula

Question 3

Why is grey matter grey & white matter white?

Answer 3

Grey matter results from it containing cell bodies of the neurons & is the functional component.
White matter contains the mylenated axons. The myelin sheath, composed of mostly lipids, gives the white appearance. White matter forms bundles or tracts that serve to connect parts of the brain & spinal cord.

Question 4

What are the 3 different tracts within white matter?

Answer 4

Projection tracts
Commissural tracts
Association tracts

Question 5

Projection tracts

Answer 5

Carry info from the brain to the rest of the body & back to the brain.

Question 6

Commissural tracts

Answer 6

Cross from left to right connecting the 2 halves of the brain

Question 7

Association tracts

Answer 7

Connects diff. regions to each other but within the same 1/2 of the brain

Question 8

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 8

Grey Matter. Functions include memory, attention, perception, thought, language & consciousness. It allows us to be aware of ourselves, to remember names, communicate with others and move voluntarily
Contains blood vessels but no myelinated axons.

Question 9

Cerebral Cortex can be divided into 3 generalized areas

Answer 9

Motor
Sensory
Association

Question 10

Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex can be divided into 4 regions

Answer 10

Primary Motor Cortex
Premotor Cortex
Broca’s area
Frontal Eye

Question 11

Premotor cortex

Answer 11

Frontal lobe. Plan movements, coordinate muscle movement based on sensory feedback.
Premotor Cortex is the location of mirror neurons which are activated when you grasp an object but also when you watch someone else grasp an object in the same way.

Question 12

Broca’s Area

Answer 12

Generation of speech located in the left hemisphere. Neurons in the is area control muscles involved in speech production & become activated when thinking about speaking.

Question 13

Frontal Eye Field

Answer 13

Controls voluntary movement of eyes

Question 14

Primary Motor Cortex

Answer 14

Neurons project long axons to the spinal cord to control voluntary muscle movements. Organized in a toe–>mouth, lower parts of the body are at the top of the pre central gyrus and visa versa.
Areas are not proportional to their body size
Motor control of body is contralateral- left controls right

Question 15

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Answer 15

Parietal lobe. Neurons receive action potentials from sensory receptors in the skin & from proprioception located in skeletal muscle, joints & joints

Question 16

Amygdala

Answer 16

Formation of memories and associated with emotional events. Associated with social interactions, associated also with the loss of fear and determining between inanimate and animate objects.
Homosexual people have more of the opposite gender patterns in the amygdala.

Question 17

Septal nuclei

Answer 17

Similar to the nucleus accumbens in regard to rewards and reinforcement pathways but our inhibitory.
The structure allows you to decipher what is appropriate and what is not.

Question 18

Lateral Sulcus separates which lobes

Answer 18

Temporal lobe from the parietal & frontal lobes

Insula is buried deep within the lateral sulcus

Question 19

Central sulcus marks the division between which lobes?

Answer 19

Frontal & Parietal lobes

Question 20

Each cerebral hemisphere has 3 basic regions of localization:

Answer 20

Superficial cortex (Cerebral cortex) of grey matter
Internal white matter
Basal Nuclei: Islands of grey matter located throughout the white matter

Question 21

Islands of grey matter are known as the…

Answer 21

Corupus striatum
Amygdaloid nucleus
Claustrum

Question 22

Basal nuclei play an important role in…

Answer 22

Control of posture & voluntary movement.

Question 23

The parieto-occipital sulcus separates the…

Answer 23

Occipital lobe from the parietal lobe.

Question 24

Somatosensory association cortex

Answer 24

Parietal Lobe
Produces conscious understanding of touch/proprioception stimulus received by the primary somatosensory cortex.
Helps us associate sensations of touch with past experiences
Ex. put your hand in pocket and select desired item without looking

Question 25

Visual sensory area

Answer 25

Occipital Lobe
Have the most space devoted to it.
Receives action potentials that originate from the eye in response to light

Question 26

Visual association area

Answer 26

Interprets visual stimuli (flower, car) & to appreciate what we are seeing (rose, corvette).
2 pathways: recognition of people & objects

Question 27

Auditory sensory area

Answer 27

Temporal Lobe
Action potentials generated from hearing receptors in the ear are propagated to this area.
Frequencies of action potentials determine how the ear perceives pitch or loudness (morse code)

Question 28

Auditory association area

Answer 28

Temporal Lobe
Allow us to interpret what we hear.
We can also store sounds that we have heard in the past such as slogans

Question 29

Equilibrium (Vestibular) sensory areas

Answer 29

Posterior part of the insula

Receive info from the semicircular canals of the inner ear as well as eye movements

Question 30

Equilibrium association area

Answer 30

interpret info about balance & body positioning

Question 31

Olfactory sensory area

Answer 31

Temporal Lobe & Temporal Lobe

Action potentials are received from the smell receptor neurons originating in the superior nasal cavities

Question 32

Olfactory association areas

Answer 32

Distinguish 400,000 types of smells.

80% are unpleasant

Question 33

Gustatory sensory area

Answer 33

On parts of the insula & inferior lateral frontal lobe

Receive action potentials from taste buds on the tounge

Question 34

Gustatory association areas

Answer 34

Distinguish between 4,000-10,000 diff. tastes

Question 35

Visceral sensory area

Answer 35

within the insula

Input from organs are relayed to this area

Question 36

Visceral association area

Answer 36

Stimulation results in feelings of an upset stomach or a full bladder among other organ sensations