BPK Final CH 9 - 10 Flashcards
Roughly how many people will experience a mental disorder in their lifetime?
Roughly 1 in 4 globally
What is mental wellness
Emotional and Psychological Health
Accurate view of reality
Able to respond to life challenges
Able to develop rational strategies for living
What is Emotional Health
Feelings, moods
What is Psychological Health
Thoughts
What is the Maslow Pyramid?
A new ideal of mental health to encourage individuals to fulfil their potential based on needs in decreasing importance. A person can only move on to addressing the higher-level needs when their basic needs are adequately fulfilled.
What is the hierarchy of the Maslow Pyramid
Physiological Needs
Safety
Being Loved
Maintaining Self Esteem
Self-actualization (most basic need)
What is self actualization
The highest level of growth in the hierarchy
They fulfilled a good measure of their human potential
What is Autonomy
independence, sense of being self directed
What is Self Concept
Ideas, feelings, and perceptions people have about themselves
Self Image
What is self esteem
Satisfaction and confidence in yourself
Valuing yourself as a person
What is inner directed
Guided in behaviour by an inner set of rules and values
What is authenticity
Being yourself
Being Genuine
What is realism
Knowing what is real and what one wants
They can cope with the world as it exists without demanding that be different
They know what can and can’t change
What is acceptance
Healthy people accept themselves as they are
They value themselves as people, feel good about themselves and likely to live up to their positive self image
Self accepting, self concept and realistic self esteem
What are qualities of a mentally healthy individual
Maintains close relationships
Carries out responsibilities
Values themselves
Pursues work that suits talents and training
Accepts own limitations and possibilities
Feels a sense of fulfilment in daily living
Perceives reality as it is
What are Psychological Disorders
A persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour
Thoughts or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment
What is a Psychological Disorder according to medical view?
Having biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, diagnoses and possible cures
What are mental health disorders in canada?
Anxiety
Phobic disorder
Panic disorders
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Depressive and bip0olar disorders
Psychotic disorders
Suicide
Anxiety Disorder : General Disorder
Chronic, irrational worry about daily events
Extreme agitation, fatigue, feelings of sadness
Depression, nausea, trembling
Muscle tension
Headache
What are treatments to general anxiety?
Therapy
Antidepressants
Denzodiazepines
Anxiety Disorder : OCD
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Obsessions (Cleanliness)
Compulsions (Everything must be clean)
Rituals (Wiping in diagonal motions)
What are treatments to OCD
CBT and antidepressants
Panic Disorder
Recurrent panic attacks without warning
Chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, feeling of impending doom
What are treatments to Panic Disorders
CBT
Anti anxiety drugs
Panic Disorder : Agoraphobia
A type of panic disorder that involves individuals avoid social situations like flying due to the hear of having a panic attack and not being able to escape or access medical aid if needed
Phobias
Marked, persistent fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations
Social Phobias
Paralysing fear related to social situations (public speaking)
Specific Phobias
Fear of the spiders or dark
Depressive (Mood) Disorders : Depressive Symptoms
Feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, extreme guilt
Disturbed sleep, change in eating patterns, weight loss
Restlessness or fatigue
Anhedonia, loss of enjoyment
Inability to enjoy life
What is a depressive disorder associated with
An imbalance of neurotransmitters
Bipolar Disorder
Formerly called manic depressive
Periods of depression followed by mania
What is mania
Extreme euphoria
Rapid speech
Lack of need to sleep
Grandiosity
Starts in adolescence or early adulthood
Treatments to Bipolar disorder
CBT
Lithium carbonate
Tranquilizers
Nerve Cell Communication
Nerve cells (neuron’s) communicate through a combination of electrical impulses and chemical messages
neurotransmitters (serotonin) alter overall responsiveness of the brain and are responsible for mood, level of attentiveness and other psychological states
Psychotic Disorders : Schizophrenia
Can be mild or severe
A break from reality that profoundly impairs one’s sense of reality
Genetic factors may predispose
Social isolation, drugs, traumatic events may accelerate progression
Disorganised thoughts, inappropriate emotions, delusions, hallucinations, deteriorating function
Symptoms of Schizophrenia that should be absent
Hallucinations
Delusions
Disorganised speech
Disorganised behaviour
Symptoms of Schizophrenia that should be present
Lack of motivation
Blunted feelings
Depression
Social Withdrawal
Types of Therapists
Psychiatrists
Psychologists
Social Workers
Counsellors
Psychiatrists
Have a medical degree and can prescribe drugs
Psychologists
Have an advanced degree in psychology
Can offer behavioural therapy but not drugs
Social workers
Training in counselling and usually licensed and registered
Counsellors
Various kinds
No set specialised training or licensing required
Types of Therapeutics
Antidepressants
Mood stabilisers
Antipsychotics
Anxiolytics
Stimulants
What are Antidepressants
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram
Alleviates symptoms of OCD, treats panic disorders and anxiety
What are Mood Stabilizers
Lithium divalproex, Topiramate
Treats epilepsy.
Bring stability and calm to areas of the brain that have become overstimulated and overactive
What are Antipsychotics
Chlorpromazine, fluphenazine
Reduce hallucinations and disordered thinking in people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and delirium
Calming effect on agitated patients
What are Anxiolytics
Anti anxiety agent
Benzodiasepines
Enhance neurotransmitter activity to make you calm
Produces drowsiness making it easier to sleep at night
What are Stimulants
Ritalin, dexedrive
Used for ADHD in children
Stimulant to increase the level of the central nervousness system
What are some other mental treatment options
Behavioural, cognitive and psychodynamic models that can be used alone or with therapeutics
Behavioural Model
focuses on what people do
Stimulus, response, and reinforcement
Cognitive Model
Focuses on the effect of ideas on behaviour
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
CBT
Variety of techniques that work towards changing negative patterns of thought and action into positive ones
Suicide
2nd leading cause of death for those aged 15 - 34
Associated with depressive disorders or major life crises
Feeling hopeless, rejected, or lack of self worth
3x more likely in men
6x more likely with Indigenous youth
Stress
Any situation that disrupts homeostasis
What is Homeostasis
State of dynamic equilibrium
Regulates body temperature, blood pH, glucose levels
What shifts our body from homeostasis
Stressors that are physiological, physical, psychological, or environmental
What is General Adaptation Syndrome
How our body responds to stress
What is Eustress
Positive stress that promotes high level functioning
What is Distress
Negative stress and decreases performance
What are symptoms of excess stress
Dry mouth
Excessive Perspiration
Frequent Illness
Gastrointestinal problems
Teeth Grinding
Headaches
High blood pressure
Pounding heart
Stiff beck or machine lower back
What is sleep important for
Clearing the brain of wastes
Learning and memory
Proper immune function
How much sleep should we get
7 - 9 hours of sleep each night
What is sleep
An active and dynamic state
Individual cycles between REM (dreaming) and nonREM states several times per night
How to minimize stress
Have a support system
Improve your communication skills
Be kind and nurturing to others
Develop healthy exercise, eating and sleeping habits
Develop healthy coping techniques (meditation and music)
Learn to identify and moderate stressors and develop resilience
What are unhealthy coping mechanism
Smoking
Drinking
Drugs
Any chemical other than food intended to affect the structure or function of the body
Psychoactive Drugs
Chemicals that can alter a person’s consciousness or experience
Intoxication
The state of being mentally affect by a chemical (state of being poisoned)
Addictive Behaviour
Any habit that becomes out of control, resulting in a negative effect on one’s health
Addiction
A chronic disease that disrupts the brain’s system of motivation, reward, and memory
Characterised by a compulsive desire and increasing need for a substance or behaviour and by harm to the individual and / or society
Characteristics of Addiction
Reinforcement
Compulsion or craving
Loss of control
Escalation
Negative consequences
Types of Addictive behaviours
Substance use disorder
Gambling disorder
Social Media Disorder
Compulsive buying or shopping
work addiction
Compulsive exercise
Routes of Administering Drugs
Inhalation
Subcutaneous Injection
Oral Dosage
Intravenous Injection
Intramuscular Injection
What route is most likely to develop dependence
Injecting or smoking drugs
Strong stimulus - response pairing
Wear off more quickly = taking more frequent doses
What is a big risk of injecting drugs
Transmit infectious disease like HIV and hepatitis
How does smoking drugs damage you
Damages air passages
How do Drugs Affect the Brain
changes brain chemistry
Alters the effect of neurotransmitters
Increase the effects of dopamine in the brain’s reward and pleasure pathway
What drugs affect dopamine levels
Nicotine (smoking)
Cocaine
Alcohol
Heroin
Amphetamines
Factors that Influence Drug Effects
Pharmacological properties (composition)
Dose Response function (intensity)
Time Action Function (lag time)
Drug Use History (first or tenth time)
Route of administration (oral vs injection)
Physical Factors (weight(
Psychological factors (setting)
Stimulants
Speed up the activity of nervous and/or muscular system
Examples of Stimulants
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Ecstasy
Ritalin
Stimulants : Caffeine
Most popular psychoactive drug
Mild stimulant, effects at low doses are harmless
Excess consumption can cause shaking, difficulty concentrating, insomnia, irregular heartbeat
Withdrawals can cause irritability, drowsiness, headaches
Stimulants : Nicotine
Found in cigarettes and e-cigarettes
Tobacco is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death
Smoking is strongly linked with CVD and cancer
Smoke carcinogens damages DNA and poisons tumour fighters
E-Cigars and Vaping
Has a mouthpiece, battery, heating element, liquid
Not yet known to be safer than traditional cigarettes
Vapour may contain harmful chemicals or unsafe levels of nicotine
May help with quitting smoking or perpetuate addiction
Stimulants : Cocaine
Potent CNS Stimulant
Derived from cocoa plants
Rapid heart / breathing rate, decreased appetite
May experience euphoria, alertness, competency, power, invincibility
Effects of Cocaine
Cause severe psychological problems
Suppresses desire for food and sleep
Can cause strokes or seizures
Increase blood pressure
Damages heart tissue
Damages mucous membrane
Stimulants : Amphetamines
Highly addictive and powerful stimulant
made from household ingredients so cheaper
Cause high levels of dopamine
Promotes tolerance, high relapse rate
Chronic use leads to severe weight loss, heart attack, paranoia, psychosis
Visual and auditory hallucinations
Stimulants : Ecstasy / MDMA
Mild hallucinogen
Mood elevator
Euphoria, increased energy, heightened sense of belonging
Hallucinogens
A group of psychoactive drugs that alter perceptions, feelings, and thoughts
Not as addictive
Examples of Hallucinogens
LSD (Acid)
Psilocybin (magic shrooms)
MDMS
DMT
Ketamine
PCP
What is LSD, PCP, Psilocybin
Hallucinogens
Alter perceptions, feelings, and/or thoughts
Alters states of consciousness
Generally not addictive
Environment, mood, dose, and expectations can have an effect on whether one has a good or bad trip
Opiods
Class of drugs to relieve pain, cause drowsiness, and euphoria
Prescribed for pain but most are powerfully addictive
Relaxation, euphoria, slowed breathing, slurred speech, impaired balance
High doses cause unconsciousness, coma, and death
Cannabis
A CNS Depressant, hallucinogen, or stimulant
Mild euphoria, heightened perception, drowsiness, red eyes
May interfere with memory, learning, schizophrenia (maybe)
Marijuana smoke contains carcinogens
Benefits of Cannabis
May relieve nausea, vomiting, chronic pain
Treat glaucoma, epilepsy, anorexia, MS, arthritis, migraines
Safest way to consume is by ingestion or with vaporiser
Smoking most harmful
Alcohol
Ethanol
A CNS Depressant, though it may feel like a stimulant at first
Highly abused psychoactive substance
Mild euphoria, relaxation, altered judgement, impaired motor skills
Maximum alcohol intake for females
1 a day
Maximum alcohol intake for males
2 a day
Alcohol Absorption
Alcohol isn’t digested, but absorbed directly into the blood
20% in stomach, 80% in intestine
Factors that influence the rate of alcohol absorption and metabolism
Sex
Size
Fruit sugar
Food in stomach, especially fats
Liver enzyme activity
Short Term Risks of Alcohol Use
Affects Judgement and changes mood
memory loss
Decreased blood sugar levels, flushing, sweating
Slurred speech
Blurred vision
Withdrawal symptoms
Long Term risks of Alcohol Use
Addiction
CVD
Cancers
Malnutrition
Brain Damage
Negative social Effects
Impaired immune function
Risk factors for Addiction
Mental health conditions
Genetic physiological, personality, social, lifestyle and environmental factors may lead to addiction development
Stress, low esteem
Treatment
Be aware of the problem and address underlying causes
Some quit on their own, others need help
