BPK Final CH 3 - 4 Flashcards
Infection
When a microorganism (bacteria, virus) invades the body of a host, accompanied by damage to the cells
Latent Period
Time between infection and development of symptoms / signs
Infectious Diseases have a latent period T/F
True
Types of Pathogen
Bacteria, virus, Fungi, Protozoa, Parasitic Worms
Bacteria
Virtually everywhere, release enzymes or toxins, killed by antibiotics
Virus
Acellular pathogen that invades living cells (can’t live without a host), either kill host cell or alter its function, drugs reduce the severity or length of infection
Fungi
Yeasts, moulds, mushrooms, absorbs nutrients from host, causing damage
Protozoa
Single celled organisms, releases enzymes or toxins that destroy cells
Parasitic Worms
Attack tissues or organs and compete with host for nutrients, enters through raw meats or burrowing through skin
How do you catch an infection
People (direct / indirect), Food, Contaminated water, animals and insects
First Line of Defence
Skin
Cilia
Mucus
Elevated body temperature
Cough, tears, saliva
Second Line of Defence
Antigens, macrophages, T and B cells
T-Cells
Fights parasites, fungi, cancer cells, infected cells
Thousands work together to kill pathogens
Macrophages
Surround and digest foreign matter
Aid immunity engulfing antibody bound pathogens
Antibodies
made by B Cells
antigen on pathogens
Vaccination
Small quantity of inactive pathogen injected to create memory cells (T- and B-Cells)
Infectious Disease Examples
Colds
Influenza
Hepatitis
Meningitis
Reproductive and Urinary Infections
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Colds and Flu
Common cold
Influenza
Common Cold
Spread by indirect contact
best cure is your immune system
Flu Symptoms
Aches, chills, dry cough, weakness
Hepatitis
Virus
Cause inflammation of the liver
High fever, headaches, fatigue, aching joints, nausea
Meningitis
Bacterial or viral
Infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Headache, stiff neck, nausea, confusion
Viral clears up on its own, bacterial is more serious and requires antibiotic
Vaginal Infections Examples
Trichomoniasis,
Candidiasis,
Bacterial vaginosis,
Types of Penile Infections
Candidiasis: fungal
Epididymitis
Orchitis
Urinary Tract Infection
Bacteria
more common in females
How to protect your immune system
Wash your hands often
Get good sleep and exercise
Eat a balanced diet
Don’t smoke
Avoid rubbing your eyes
Preventing Antibiotic Resistance
Let your immune system do its job
If you are prescribed antibiotics, be sure to finish the entire regimen, even if you are feeling better
Don’t use leftover antibiotics or share them
Sexually Transmitted Infections Examples
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
infectious syphilis
Human Papillomavirus
Genital Herpes
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Hepatitis B
Chlamydia
Most common bacterial STI reported in Canada
Easily treatable with antibiotics
no early symptoms
Gonorrhea
Bacterial STIs
Males: cloudy penile discharge
Females: Green/yellowish discharge
Often asymptomatic, can be treated with antibiotics but resistance is a concern
Syphilis
Bacterial STI
last Days to decades
transmitted via direct contact
Has many stages
Treated with antibiotics if caught early enough
Primary Stage of Syphilis
Ulcer at site of infection, high in bacteria
Secondary Stage of Syphilis
Flu like symptoms, rashes on hands, body, and feet
Tertiary Stage of Syphilis
Neurological and cardiovascular effects, blindness
Examples of Viral STIs
Human Papilloma Virus
Herpes Simplex Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Human Papilloma Virus
Common STIs in North America
Can cause cervical and other cancers
Spread by sexual contact
immune system clears the infection but in some cases can cause cancer
Most clear up with no serious consequences
Long latency provides opportunity to remove pre-cancerous lesions
Herpes Simplex Virus
HSV1 affects mouth
HSV2 affects genitals
Small, painful leaking blisters
Travels along nerves
Infection is life long
Transmitted by oral sex
No cure
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Less common in Canada, still a concern
Endpoint of HIV is AIDS
HIV attacks immune cells (T-cells)
Fluid, needle. or blood contact
Infected mother can transmit to fetus
it hides inside immune cells and slowly kills them and replicates / mutates too fast for immune system to fight it
Chain of Infection
Pathogen
Human Reservoir
Portal of exit
Transmission
Portal of entry
Establishment of disease in new host
HIV in Canada
more than 65,000 Canadians with HIV
doesn’t discriminate
highest amongst 20 - 24 year olds
Why is HIV higher amongst 20 - 24 year olds?
feelings of invulnerability
multiple partners
infidelity
not using protection
lack of testing
alcohol and/or drug use
Cardiovascular System
Transports oxygen and nutrient rich blood to the body cells and removes carbon dioxide (CO2)
At cell level, oxygen and fuel are used to generate energy (ATP)
What happens if you have no ATP / energy?
Cells die leading to death of organs and eventually death
Coronary arteries can get blocked leading to a heart attack
How is the Heart a Pump?
Waste carrying low oxygen blood enters the right atrium
Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle and pumped through the pulmonary arteries into the lungs
Blood is picked up and sorts the oxygen from carbon dioxide and flows through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium
Oxygen rich blood flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle and pumped through the aorta to the rest of the body’s blood vessels
Atherosclerosis
Major CVD type
caused by nicotine, high blood pressure, cholesterol, free radicals
starts with a small lesion in a vessel where fat gets deposited into until it becomes a narrowed artery
Macrophages try to fill with cholesterol and smooth muscle will cover it up
soft tissue is replaced with calcium and walls will become stiffer -> arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis in a major heart artery
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Is arteriosclerosis reversible?
no
Heart Attack
When an artery is clogged, blocking nutrient and oxygen delivery to cells, leading to cell death
damage or death of heart muscle
Usually occurs when a blood clot gets lodged in an atherosclerotic coronary artery
Symptoms of Heart Attack
Discomfort in chest, neck, jaw, shoulder, arms, back
Sweating
Nausea
Light headed
Shortness of breath
What is a Stroke
When there is a blockage in blood flow to a region of brain tissue
Reduced blow flow
lack of oxygen
tissue death
Types of stroke
Ischemic and Hemorrhagic
Ischemic Stroke
Blockage disrupts blood flow to brain
most common form of stroke
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Blood vessel bursts
not as common
Stroke Symptoms
Face and arms drooping
slurred speech
Heart Disease in Canada
overall 5%
Males more than females
Higher risk the older you get
Stroke in Canada
1% of population
male and female equal chance
Higher risk for those over 75
Risk varies with ethnicity, highest for white males
May be genetic or environmental factors
How to Prevent CVD
Don’t smoke and drink moderately
Keep blood pressure and cholesterol in check
Physical activity
Eat Healthy
Keep a healthy weight
Manage stress
High Cholesterol: Dietary vs Blood
Blood cholesterol has a higher risk of CVD
Some have a greater risk for increased blood cholesterol
Cholesterol
Carried in blood by lipoproteins
Low Density Lipoprotein
Bad Cholesterol, move from blood to vessel walls and increases CVD risk
High Density Lipoprotein
Good Cholesterol, can promote reabsorption of cholesterol and lower CVD risk
Risks of continued Tobacco use
Die ~7 years earlier on average than non-smokers
Doubles the risk of heart disease, stroke
More packs smoked a day = More likely to die of lung cancer
Second hand smoke is the most hazardous form of indoor pollution and risk factor for lung cancer
Hypertension
High blood pressure
Both a type of CVD and risk factor for CVD
Causes strain on heart and blood vessels, promoting atherosclerosis
Risk of High Blood Pressure
Eye Damage
Stroke
Heart Attack
Damage to Artery Walls
Kidney Failure
Type I Diabetes
Insulin dependent
Hereditary
Body doesn’t make enough insulin
Type II
non-insulin dependent
caused by lifestyle choices
body doesn’t respond to insulin
Diabetes Dangers
Eye Damage
Stroke
Kidney Failure
Skin sores
Compromised circulation to extremities
Diabetes Treatment
No cure, keep blood sugar levels stable via insulin injection or lifestyle modifications or medications
Risk Factors that could cause Diabetes
Obesity
Ethnicity
Physical Inactivity
Family History
Previous cases of Gestational Diabetes
Obesity
over 20% above ideal weight
associated with lower HDL, hypertension, type II diabetes
40x greater risk of cardiac death
Purposeful weight reduction needed through diet and exercise
Angioplasty
Enlarging an artery with a balloon type instrument to push open the vessel and inserting a stent to keep it open
Framingham Study: Risk Factors You Can’t Control
Age
Gender
Heredity
Ethnicity
Framingham Study: Risk Factors You Can Control
Smoking and alcohol intake
Diet and exercise
Cholesterol
Hypertension and stress
Obesity
Diabetes
Sodium intake
