BPK Final CH 5 - 6 Flashcards
What is cancer
The abnormal uncontrolled multiplication of cells due to genetic mutations that disrupt the cell cycle
What is a neoplasm
Tumours
Benign Tumour
Tumours that don’t spread
Malignant Tumour
Tumours that spread and can be life threatening
What is Cancer Metastasis
When malignant tumour cells invade blood or lymphatic vessels and create new tumours in new places
Causes of cancer
Carcinogenic chemicals
radiation
pathogens
Types of Cancer
Skin Cancer
Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Lung Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Bladder Cancer
Skin Cancer
Non-malignant
Higher risk for fair skin, hair and light eyed people or those who have a history of sunburn
Breast Cancer
Age and genetics play a role
Most common in females
Dangerous if it metastasises
Can be removed by surgery
Lung Cancer
Leading normal cancer in Canada
Mainly caused by smoking, second hand smoke, asbestos, or pollution
5 year survival rate is less than 20%
Typically caught too late
Prostate Cancer
Most common amongst males
Deadly when metastasises
No symptoms
Higher risk for older, obese, inactive, unhealthy diets mens
Colorectal Cancer
Starts with non-cancerous growths call Polyps in the intestine
Higher risk amongst older, obese, smokers, high alcohol intake, eating a lot of red meat, imflammatory bowel disease
Cervical Cancer
Leading risk factor is HPV
Transmitted through skin-skin contact
Early Detection for Cancer
Screening
Testing
Biopsy
Cancer Screening
General examinations done on healthy populations to identify those who might have a disease
EX: mammogram
Cancer Testing
For those who are believed to have a disease
More specific testing done to thoroughly identify if one has cancer or not
More invasive and time consuming
Biopsy
Removing a tissue that is suspected of being diseased for further examination
Types of Cancer Treatment
Surgical Removal
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Gene Therapy
Immunotherapy
Hormone Therapy
Chemotherapy
Using drugs to target and kill cancerous cells
Used when cancer may have spread
Targets cells that are rapidly dividing
Radiation Therapy
Used to combat localised tumours
Beams are focused on several directions to kill cancerous cells
Radiation can damage DNA and healthy cells
Often used with surgery or chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
Stimulating the immune system with drugs / antibodies
Gene Therapy
Modifying genetic material of cancer or immune cells in order to modify receptors to recognise and destroy cancerous cells
What is CRISPR
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
Allows scientists to make precise changes to an one’s DNA
Hormone Therapy
Effective against cancers helped by hormones (breast, prostate)
Uses drugs that block hormone receptors or lower hormone levels
What can one do to prevent cancer?
Don’t smoke / avoid second hand smoke
Reduce exposure to carcinogens
Eat antioxidant rich fruits and vegetables, reduce fat, eat less burnt foods, reduce alcohol intake
Maintain a healthy weight
Receive available vaccines
Get screenings regularly
Definition of Physical Activity
All leisure and non-leisure body movements produced by skeletal muscles that results in an increase in energy expenditure
Exercise
Planned, structured, repetitive physical activity that is aimed at improving physical fitness
Physical Fitness
The extent to which the body can respond to increased physical demand
To perform moderate to vigorous activity without becoming tired
Components of Physical Fitness
Cardiorespiratory (aerobic) fitness
Muscular strength
Muscular endurance
Flexibility
Body Composition
Muscular Strength
Force a muscle can produce with maximal effort to create strong muscles that are important for daily activities, keeping the skeleton in proper alignment or posture
Muscle tissue is important for overall body composition: more muscle equals higher metabolism and faster energy use making it easier to maintain a healthy weight
Exercise Benefits
Improves digestion, respiratory capacity
Increases metabolism
Enhances immunity
Brightens mood
Improves mobility and independences later
Longer Life Expectancy
How does Exercise protect you against disease?
Lower risk of
Cardiovascular disease and stroke
Blood cholesterol levels
Type II Diabetes
Obesity
Certain cancers
Osteoporosis
Risks of Exercise
Traumatic injuries (sprains, fractures)
Overuse injuries (splints, tennis elbow)
General overstress
Temperature injury
Sudden cardiac death
Compulsive tendencies
Discomforts of Exercise
Blisters
Bruises
Cramps
Sore or stiff muscles
How much exercise should a 5 - 12 year old get?
60 minutes of moderate-vigorous activity a day
How much exercise should a 13 - 18 year old get?
60 minutes of moderate-vigorous activity a day
How much exercise should a 18 - 65 year old get?
150 minutes of moderate-vigorous activity a week
Less than 20% of Canadians are getting the right amount of activity T/F
True
How many waking hours are sedentary?
69%
What are the two ways the body produces energy?
Aerobically (with oxygen)
Anaerobically (without oxygen)
Types of Aerobic Activities
Swimming
Cycling
Walking
Rowing
Types of Anaerobic Activities
Weight lifting
HIIT
Jump rope
Biking
What is the FITT Principle
Guildelines for Physical Fitness
Frequency
Intensity
Time
Type of Activity
How to Develop Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Do aerobic activities that fit your schedule and you enjoy doing
About 4 - 7 times per week with no more than 2 days between sessions, 30 minutes a day
How to Develop Muscular Fitness
Resistance exercise
Balance right/left side, upper/lower body, opposing muscle groups
Do one exercise per muscle group
Isometric Exercises
Involve force generation without movement, contracting muscles
Isotonic Exercises
Involve force and movement, sit ups, push ups
How to Develop Flexibility
Static Stretches
Feel tension, not pain
Go to the limit of your range of motion and a bit more, hold for 30 seconds, relax
Basic Principles of Training
Specificity
Overload
Progressive overload
Reversibility
Individual Differences
Basic Principles of Training: Specificity
Specific adaption to imposed demand
Basic Principles of Training: Overload
To see improvements, challenge the body beyond its current abilities
Basic Principles of Training: Progressive overload
Increase over time according to FITT principle
Basic Principles of Training: Reversibility
You can lose up to 50% of your improvements within 2 months if you stop exercising
Basic Principles of Training: Individual Differences
People have different responses to exercise
Males have higher endurances compared to women
How to prevent activity-related injuries
Increase activity level gradually
Warm up
Progress to gentle movements and mobilisation exercises
Maintain correct techniques when exercising
