Bowel

Question 1

4 classes of laxatives

Answer 1

1. Bulk-forming
2. Stool-softeners
3. Stimulants
4. Osmotics

Question 2

Bulk-forming

Answer 2

• introduce fibre that must be taken with a balance of water. Fiber that absorbs water, forming bulkier stool that passes more easily, must be taken with lots of water

Question 3

Stool-softeners

Answer 3

• surfactant that lowers surface tension of stool allowing more water to enter stool. often given when constipation poses a risk (given with opioids)

Question 4

Stimulants

Answer 4

irritate bowel, promoting peristalsis. This can cause diarrhea and cramping

Question 5

Osmotics

Answer 5

draw water into GI tract. Can cause dehydration

Question 6

serious side effect of Metamucil (Psyllium - bulk forming)?

Answer 6

if not taken with adequate water, can cause obstruction of esophagus or intestines. Prevent this by ensuring to take the medication with adequate water.

Question 7

Opioid anti-diarrheal

Answer 7

• decrease GI motility via mu receptors, providing more time for water absorption

Question 8

Non-opioid anti-diarrheal

Answer 8

• draw fluid out of the bowel to form bulk

Question 9

Specific Side effects associated with phenothiazine anti-emetics

Answer 9

• extrapyramidal side effects: blocking the dopamine receptors in the brain, so person will have high levels of acetylcholine and go into the rigid parkinsonian movements. give med slowly.

Question 10

3 classes of meds used to manage inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer 10

• 5-aminosalicyclic acid which reduces the production of prostaglandins which are associated with inflammation
• corticosteroids (prednisone) which is useful if patient not responsive to 5-ASA
• immunosuppressants - used as maintenance once disease is remission from 5-ASA or corticosteroids

Question 11

4 classes of drugs reduce acid secretion for the management of PUD and GERD?

Answer 11

1. H2-receptor antagonists
2. proton pump inhibitors
3. Anticholinergics
4. Prostaglandins

Question 12

H2-receptor antagonists

Answer 12

decrease acid secretion from the parietal

Question 13

proton pump inhibitor

Answer 13

PPIs H+/K+ pump on parietal cells, reducing acid secretion in the therapy of PUD and GERD. Reduces acid secretion in stomach by irreversibly binding to the H+/K+ pump

Question 14

Prostaglandins

Answer 14

exogenous (increase mucous production and promote bicarb ion release)

Question 15

Anticholinergics

Answer 15

reduce gastric acid secretion

Question 16

Drugs that neutralize acid

Answer 16

• antacids - composed of carbonate, hydroxide and bicarbonate compounds that neutralize the stomach acid. Can effect absorption of drugs especially those that require an acidic environment

Question 17

Antibiotics

Answer 17

• pharmacotherapy of h. pylori infection
• antibiotics usually given with a drug that reduces acid secretion
• two or more antibiotics usually given at the same time to prevent resistance of antibiotics