Bovine Mammary, Herd Health, Vaccinations, Antibiotics Flashcards
What does ELDU stand for?
Extra-label drug use
T/F: The standard plate count indicates bacteria that survive pasteurization
False
The standard plate count indicates the number of bacterial colonies per mL of raw milk
Under what circumstance may antibiotics be added to feed in a manner or dose other than that described on the manufacturer’s label?
Feed additive drugs are not allowed to be used in an off-label manner
Too high a vacuum level during the milking process of dairy cows may predispose to mastitis by causing:
- Chapping of the teats
- Eversion of the teat sphincter
- Impacts
- Circulatory congestion of the teat
- Damaging the epithelial lining of the streak canal
Eversion of the teat sphincter
Sulfamethazine is banned from use in dairy animals except:
under 20 months
What vaccine has been developed by the University of Alaska for use in the reindeer population?
- Paratuberculosis
- Scrapie
- Western encephalitis
- Tuberculosis
- Brucellosis
Brucellosis
More cheese can be made from milk with a lower somatic cell count. What is the upper limit for somatic cell count of milk in the United States?
- 100,000
- 200,000
- 400,000
- 500,000
- 750,000
750,000
The apparatus responsible for opening and closing of the rubber teat cup lining of the milking machine is the:
- Regulator
- Controller
- Pulsator
- Claw
- Air flow meter
Pulsator
Which type of mastitis is usually considered to be environmental?
- Mycoplasma spp.
- Corynebacterium pyogenes
- E. coli
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcus agalactiae
E. coli
Which one of the following would be considered the most risky time for new udder infections in dairy cows?
- At the time of first estrus during lactation
- The first week after drying off
- At the time of peak milk production
- Mid lactation after the cow is pregnant
- In the middle of the dry period
The first week after drying off
T/F: Production medicine is the summation and charting of herd performances, which then allows management to make herd-based decisions
True
Which one of the following bedding materials for dairy cattle would be most acceptable with respect to prevention of mastitis?
- Sawdust
- Cornstalks
- Discarded corn silage
- Sand
- Clean wheat or oat straw
Sand
In the milking process how soon should the inflations be attached to the teats after the udder is first touched
- As soon as possible
- 15 -30 seconds
- 30 - 60 seconds
- 1-1.5 minutes
- Wait at least 2 minutes
1-1.5 minutes
Which of the following vaccines needs to be handled with great care because of a risk of possible zoonosis?
- Bovine virus diarrhea
- Bovine brucellosis
- Malignant edema
- Ovine foot rot
Bovine brucellosis
What pathogen is linked to udder suicide?
E. coli
By infecting cows mammary glands, these bacteria are driving milk-making cells to suicide, according to ongoing investigations into costly udder troubles
Bulk Milk Tank cultures are an insensitive way to detect the presence of this mastitis organism in a herd:
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Mycoplasma bovis
- Streptococcus uberis
- Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Staphylococcus aureus
Which of the following drugs is banned from use in food animals because tissue residues may lead to direct toxicity in humans?
- Sulfamethazine
- Glycopeptides
- Metronidazole
- Fluoroquinolones used extra label
- Clenbuterol
Clenbuterol
What is purported to be the major advantage of the robotic milking system?
- Decreased stress on the cows
- Feed savings
- Labor savings
- Lower somatic cell counts
- Higher milk production
Labor savings
What is the estimated number of sub-clinical cases of mastitis in a herd for every detected clinical case?
15 to 40
There are 15 to 40 cases of subclinical mastitis for every clinical case
The standard plate count indicates:
- Bacteria that are associated with mastitis
- Bacteria that will grow at refrigeration temperatures
- Bacteria that survive pasteurization
- The number of leukocytes per ml. of raw milk
- The number of bacteria colonies per mL of raw milk
The number of bacteria colonies per mL of raw milk
T/F: Healthy dairy cows normally have a consistent level of electrical conductivity in milk
True
T/F: Over the counter drugs fall under AMDUCA regulations
True
Which one of the following is a stated goal of a dairy farm production medicine program?
- To initiate a program if reproductive examinations at a set interval
- To optimize health of cattle with cost becoming a secondary consideration
- To place all animals on a strategic deworming program
- To target an entire area of management where the potential for improvement is greatest
- To initiate a vaccination program to cover any diseases likely to affect herd performance
To target an entire area of management where the potential for improvement is greatest
Impacts occur during machine milking of cows when:
- The inflation is in the rest phase
- Vacuum levels exceed 12 inches of mercury
- Pressure on the inside of the streak canal exceeds pressure on the outside at the beginning of milking
- Pressure on the outside of the streak canal exceeds that on the inside at the end of milking
- The milking machine is removed after vacuum is cut off
Pressure on the outside of the streak canal exceeds that on the inside at the end of milking
To protect food animals against most diseases, the immune response elicited by vaccination should:
- Result in the same response as a natural infection
- Bind to and neutralize toxins
- Resulted in a cell-mediated response
- Stimulate the non-specific immune system
Result in the same response as a natural infection
Pasteurization standards for milk are based upon time and temperature necessary to kill the most heat-resistant milk-borne pathogen that can cause human illness. Pasteurization was initiated primarily to aid in control of:
- Brucella abortus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Coxiella burnetti
- Salmonella typhimurium
- E. coli 0157
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Currently, Coxiella burnetti is the indicator microoraganism of milk pasteurization because it is the most thermally stable pathogenic microbe present in milk. If this microbe is absent in pasteurized milk, it is generally assured that all other pathogenic microbes will be absent.
In 1996 there were only 121 newly infected brucellosis herds in the United States. By the end of the year there were only 32 known infected herds; two were bison herds and none were dairy herds. Because of the problem of persistent titers from vaccination all states have now switched to using the ________________ vaccine, except Alaska (where vaccination is not allowed.)
RB 51®
Vaccination plus a reduction in challenge level will decrease a herd’s susceptibility to a disease challenge more than just vaccination or challenge reduction alone. Which of the following increases challenge levels in cattle herds?
- Confinement, such as dairy cattle in a dry lot
- Social stress, such as mixing cattle in a feedlot
- Introduction of a disease carrier into a herd
- All of the above
- None of the above
All of the above
T/F: Udder singeing is a dairy management practice used to improve preparation time and milk quality
True
T/F: Feeding alfalfa hay free choice to close-up dry cows will suppress calcium mobilization by the parathyroids
True
Which one of the following can be considered a component of an ideal milking system?
- A high-level milk pipeline
- Small capacity bowl or claw
- Manual milking machine removal
- Narrow bore liner
- Simultaneous pulsation
Narrow bore liner
Chris King has a herd of 40 Hereford beef cows. In the past this herd has experienced a few abortions from time to time. All replacement animals are raised on the farm; no animals are purchased except for a bull every other year. This year a few of the cows in the 4 to 6 year old group have been affected with chronic diarrhea and weight loss. Some of the most growthy baby calves have died at about 30 days of age from no apparent cause. The herd is vaccinated yearly for the following diseases: IBR, BVD, BRSV, PI3. What additional vaccinations would you recommend, if any?
- Leptospirosis, 7-day clostridial
- Vibriosis, leptospirosis, Johne’s
- Ostertagia, 7-way clostridial
- Tuberculosis, leptospirosis, 7-way clostridial
- None
Vibriosis, leptospirosis, Johne’s
T/F: Chloramphenicol and Clenbuterol are prohibited for off-label use in food animals
True!
On farms with robot milkers cows choose how often they want to be milked. What is the most important mechanism by which increased frequency of milking increases milk production?
- Frequent milking reduces back pressure in the udder
- Increased prolactin secretion recruits more secretory cells
- More frequent oxytocin release leads to increased production
- Milking removes a locally acting lactation inhibition factor
- Cows get more used to being milked and produce less adrenalin to interfere with milk letdown.
Milking removes a locally acting lactation inhibition factor
Which one of the following statements about cow’s milk is true?
- Cows milk has a strong acid pH, below 5.0
- Cows milk has a strong alkaline pH above 7.5
- Normal somatic cell count for cow’s milk is about 500,000 cells per cmm
- Cows milk does not contain lactoferrin, unlike milk from small ruminants
- Healthy dairy cows normally have a consistent level of electrical conductivity in milk
Healthy dairy cows normally have a consistent level of electrical conductivity in milk
What is AMDUCA?
Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act
What is the youngest age in which we expect most vaccinations to stimulate protective immunity in calves?
- 2 months
- 4 months
- 6 months
- 8 months
- 1 year
4 months
Which vaccine virus is not present in the standard 4-way modified live cattle respiratory vaccine?
- BRSV
- BVD
- PI3
- BLV
- IBR
BLV
