Bordetella

Question 1

Characteristic

Answer 1

Small, gram-negative rods, flagellated

Question 2

Natural habitat

Answer 2

Upper respiratory tract of mammals and birds

Question 3

Transmission

Answer 3

Direct contact, respiratory aerosol droplets or fomites (droplets from cough)

Question 4

Pathogenic species?

Answer 4

Bordetella bronchiseptica, B. Avium, B. Pertussis and B. Parapertussis

Question 5

Optimal growth for isolation

Answer 5

35 celcius to 37 celcius, aerobic or facultative anaerobic

Question 6

Hosts - Effects - FACTORS

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Answer 6

Respiratory infections - cats, rodents, horses, pig, nonhuman primates, sea mammals, and rare in humans

Infectious canine tracheobronchitis or kennel cough - young dogs (cough droplets)

ATROPHIC RHINITIS (sneezing, nasal discharge, bony deformity of nose) AND BRONCHOPNEUMONIA (cough) - swine
(poor ventilation and overstocking in intensive rearing conditions)

Tracheobronchitis, conjunctivitis and pneumonia - cats

Question 7

Virulence factors of Bordetella bronchiseptica

Answer 7

Adhesin which binds to cilia and release toxin
Eg: Filamentous hemagglutinin, fimbriae, pertacin

Toxins
Osteotoxin - toxin to osteoblasts
LPS - Activates alternate complement pathway, stimulates cytokine release
Tracheal cytotoxins - kills ciliated respiratory cells
Adenylate cyclase-hemolysin- Inhibit leukocyte chemotaxis, phagocytosis, intracellular killing

Question 8

Lab diagnosis

Answer 8

Samples from trans-tracheal aspirates, nasal and tracheal swabs and pneumonic lung tissue (pm)
PCR
Serological methods - micro-agglutination and enzyme immunoassays

Question 9

Incubation condition

Answer 9

35c for 48 hours

Question 10

Colonies morphology on bovine blood agar

Answer 10

Small, circular, glistening or rough with entire edges. Some are hemolytic some are non-hemolytic

Question 11

Colonies morphology on bovine blood agar

Answer 11

Small, circular, glistening or rough with entire edges. Some are hemolytic some are non-hemolytic

Question 12

Colonies on MacConkey agar

Answer 12

Bluish gray and surrounded by small red zones with amber discoloration of the underlying medium

Question 13

Treatment , prevention and control

Dog and cats

Answer 13

Isolation of infected
Disinfection of fomites
Intranasal vaccine for canine kennel cough

Question 14

Treatment , prevention and control
Swine

Answer 14

All-in/all-out management
Reduced stocking density
Vaccination of sows
Hygienic practices and good ventilation

Question 15

Treatment
Antimicrobial

Answer 15

Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol