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Anatomy cardiovascular workbook > Borders, surfaces, chambers of the heart > Flashcards

Borders, surfaces, chambers of the heart Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

anterior view of the heart

A
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3
Q

posterior view of the heart

A
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4
Q

medial view of heart

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5
Q

heart location

A

middle mediasteinum

enclosed within pericardium

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6
Q

describe the placement of the heart

A

obliquely behind the body of the sternum and adjoining parts of costal cartilage

one third of the heart lies to the right and two thirds to the left of median plane

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7
Q

what Is the direction of blood flow from atria to ventricles

A

downwards, forwards and to left of median plane

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8
Q

what does the heart measure and weight in males and females

A

12 times 9 cm and weights about 300g in males and 250 in females

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9
Q

what are the external features of the heart

A

four chambers - right and left atria and left and right ventricles

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10
Q

where do the atria lie

A

above and behind the ventricles

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11
Q

how are atria and ventricles separated

A

atrioventricular groove

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12
Q

how are the atria separated from one another

A

interatrial groove

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13
Q

how are the ventricles separated from one another

A

interventricular groove

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14
Q

apex of heart location

A

directed downwards, forwards and to the left of base (posterior surface) directed backwards

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15
Q

three surfaces of heart

A

anterior, sternocostal, inferior and left lateral

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16
Q

borders of heart

A

upper, inferior, right and left borders

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17
Q

sulcus the divides atria and ventricles

A

coronary sulcus - divided into anterior and posterior parts

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18
Q

anterior part of coronary sulcus

A

consists of right and left halves

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19
Q

right half of anterior part of coronary sulcus

A

oblique between right auricle and right ventricle lodging right coronary artery

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20
Q

left half of anterior part of coronary sulcus

A

small between left auricle and left ventricle lodging circumflex branch of left coronary artery

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21
Q

what is coronary sulcus overlapped anteriorly by

A

ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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22
Q

position of anterior intraventricular groove

A

nearest to left margin of heart

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23
Q

position of posterior intraventricular groove

A

nearest to diaphragmatic surface of heart

24
Q

what is apex of heart entirely made of

A

left ventricle

25
Q

how is apex of heart positioned

A

directed downwards, forwards and to the left

26
Q

what is apex of the heart overlapped by

A

anterior border of the left lung

27
Q

where is apex of the heart located

A

left 5th intercostal space, 9cm lateral to the midsternal line

28
Q

base of the heart (posterior surface of heart) is formed from what

A

left atrium and a small part of the right atrium

29
Q

in relation to the base of heart what are the openings

A

four pulmonary veins which open into left atrium, superior and inferior vena cavae which open into right atrium

30
Q

upper border of the heart

A

slightly oblique formed by two atria, chiefly left atrium

31
Q

right border of the heart

A

vertical and formed by right atrium extends from SVC to IVC

32
Q

inferior border of heart

A

nearly horizontal and formed by right ventricle IVC to apex

33
Q

left border of heart

A

formed by left ventricle and left atrium separates anterior left surface of heart

34
Q

anterior or sternocostal surface (surface of heart) formed by

A

right atrium and right ventricle and partly by left ventricle and left auricle

35
Q

what is the sternocostal surface mostly covered by

A

lungs but a part lies behind cardiac notch of left lung (uncovered - dull in percussion) - area of superficial cardiac dullness

36
Q

inferior or diaphrammatic surface

A

rests on the central tendon of diaphragm

left 2/3 formed by left ventricle
right 1/3 formed by right ventricle

37
Q

left surface

A

formed mostly by left ventricle and at upper end by left auricle

38
Q

what is the upper left surface crossed by

A

coronary sulcus

39
Q

what is left surface related to

A

left phrenic nerve / pericardiophrenic vessels

40
Q

crux of heart

A

meeting point of intertribal atrioventricular and posterior inter ventricular grooves

41
Q

What role do the auricles have in the adult?

A

The lower right chamber pumps the oxygen-poor blood to your lungs through the pulmonary artery. The lungs reload blood with oxygen. Left atrium: After the lungs fill blood with oxygen, the pulmonary veins carry the blood to the left atrium. This upper chamber pumps the blood to your left ventricle

42
Q

Fossa ovalis is the adult remnant of the foetal foramen ovale. What function did the latter perform in the foetus?

A

allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the nonfunctional fetal lungs while the fetus obtains its oxygen from the placenta

43
Q

What is the function of musculi pectinati in the right atrium?

A

The right atrium has thick and coarse pectinate muscles while these are few smooth and thinner in the left atrium - The pectinate muscle folds act as RA volume reserve during adverse loading conditions . It helps RA dilate with out much wall stress

44
Q

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

A

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the more commonly recognized congenital cardiac anomalies presenting in adulthood. Atrial septal defect is characterized by a defect in the interatrial septum allowing pulmonary venous return from the left atrium to pass directly to the right atrium.

45
Q

right ventricle

A

pulmonary trunk
pulmonary valve
septomarginal trabeculum (moderator band)
papillary muscles
chordae tendineae
tricuspid valve cusp
trabeculae carneae

46
Q

What is the function of the trabeculae carneae?

A

serve a similar function to papillary muscles in that their contraction pulls on the chordae tendinae, preventing inversion of the mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves. This prevents backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atriums.

47
Q

What is the function of the septomarginal trabeculum (moderator band)?

A

band of cardiac muscle found in the right ventricle of the heart… contract the APM to prevent the tricuspid regurgitation through tension of the chordae tendineae

48
Q

The thickness of the right ventricular wall is 3x thinner than the left ventricular wall. Why is this?

A

The right ventricle has thinner wall because the right ventricle only has to pump it to the lungs but left ventricle has to pump blood all the way around the body. Moreover, the blood in arteries is under higher pressure than blood in the veins

49
Q

How many papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle? (This matches the number of cusps in the right atrioventricular valve - see the correlation?).

A

three papillary muscles of the right ventricle have highly variable anatomy with the anterior papillary muscle usually being the most prominent. The anterior and septal papillary muscles are connected by the moderator band

49
Q

left ventricle / atrium

A

ventricle contains
aortic valve
bicuspid (mitral) valve
papillary muscles
chordae tendineae
trabeculae carneae

atrium received
right and left pairs of pulmonary veins

50
Q

What is the name of the atrioventricular valve that guards the entry from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

A

mitral valve

51
Q

cadaveric dissection

A
52
Q

how many papillary muscles are found in left ventricle

A

two

53
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

A

helping to prevent leakage through the AV valves during systole - they pull on the chordae tendinae and help to prevent prolapsing of the AV valves

54
Q

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?

A

strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles. These are attached to the leaflets on to the ventricular side and prevent the cusps from swinging back into the atrial cavity during systole

55
Q

ventricular septal defect

A

the inerventricular septum separates the left and right ventricles of the heart. if there is a hole in the wall between the two ventricles, it is called a ventricular septal defect

cause is usually congenital - can also spontaneously occur in adult.

genes an environment may be risk factor - may be common in children with genetic problems (downs syndrome)

Anatomy cardiovascular workbook (14 decks)

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