Bordeaux Flashcards
1
Q
Are white wines under Bordeaux Supérieur AOP dry or off-dry?
A
Off-dry
2
Q
Describe the wines of St-Estèphe.
A
Sturdy and full-bodied with a slightly higher percentage of Merlot, due to a higher proportion of clay amongst the gravel
3
Q
Entre-Deux-Mers lies on the conflux of what two rivers?
A
Dordogne (north) and Garonne (south)
4
Q
How long are Sauternes generally aged in cask? What type of oak are they usually aged in?
A
- up to 2 years
- Moderate-to-high percentage of new oak
5
Q
How long do the best red and white wines of Bordeaux spend in oak?
A
- Red - 18 months
- White - 16 months
6
Q
How many acres of the Médoc are planted to white grapes?
A
123 acres
7
Q
How many chateaux were classified in Graves?
A
- 13 estates for red
- 9 estates for white
- 16 in total
8
Q
How many Grand Cru Classé are classified for St-Émilion?
A
64
9
Q
How many Premier Cru Classé B’s are classified for St-Émilion?
A
14
10
Q
In the 1855 Classification how many 2ème Crus are there?
A
14
11
Q
In the 1855 Classification how many 3ème Crus are there?
A
14
12
Q
In the 1855 Classification how many 4ème Crus are there?
A
10
13
Q
In the 1855 Classification how many 5ème Crus are there?
A
18
14
Q
Name 3 garagistes producers.
A
- Le Pin - Pomerol
- Valandraud - St-Émilion
- La Mondotte - St-Émilion
15
Q
Name 5 producers of Pomerol.
A
- Ch Pétrus
- Vieux-Chateau-Certan
- Ch Lafleur
- Ch Le Pin
- Ch Trotanoy
16
Q
Name the 2 lesser appellations of the Médoc.
A
- Listrac-Médoc AOP
- Moulis-en-Médoc AOP
17
Q
What are the AOPs of the Médoc?
A
- Médoc
- Haut-Médoc
- St-Estèphe
- Pauillac
- St-Julien
- Listrac-Médoc
- Moulis-en-Médoc
- Margaux
18
Q
Sauternes lies at the conflux of what two rivers?
A
- Ciron
- Garonne
19
Q
What % of St-Julien is AOP cru classé?
A
≈80%
20
Q
What AOP encompasses both Blaye and Bourg?
A
Côtes de Bordeaux AOP
21
Q
What AOP is for whites produced in Blaye?
A
Cotes de Blaye AOP
22
Q
What are boulbenes? Where is it most commonly found?
A
A mixture of sand, gravel and light clay that characterizes Graves
23
Q
What are courtiers?
A
Brokers of wine
24
Q
What are croupes?
A
Gravel mounds that were unearthed by the Dutch in the 1600s
25
What are the "super-seconds" of the 1855 Classifications?
- Cos d'Estournel
- Ch Léoville Las Cases
- Ch Ducru-Beaucaillou
26
What are the 4 satellites of St-Émilion?
- Lussac
- St-Georges
- Montagne
- Puisseguin
27
What are the 5 villages of Margaux?
- Cantenac
- Labarde
- Arsac
- Margaux
- Soussans
28
What are the communes of Pessac-Léognan?
- Pessac
- Léognan
- Cadaujac
- Canéjan
- Gradignan
- Martillac
- Mérignac
- Saint-Médard-d'Eyrans
- Talence
- Villenave-d'Ornons
29
What are the drainage channels of Bordeaux called?
Jalles
30
What are the five villages of Sauternes AOP?
- Sauternes
- Barsac
- Fargues
- Preignac
- Bommes
31
What are the general Bordeaux Appellations?
- Bordeaux AOP
- Bordeaux Supérieur AOP
- Crémant de Bordeaux AOP
32
What are the grapes and the blend of Bordeaux blanc AOP wines?
-Sémillon
-Sauvignon Blanc
-Muscadell
max 30% combined:
-Ugni Blanc
-Merlot Blanc
-Colombard
33
What are the major communes of the Médoc?
- St-Estèphe
- Pauillac
- St. Julien
- Listrac-Médoc
- Moulis-en-Médoc
- Margaux
34
What are the sweet white AOPs of Graves?
- Graves Supérieur
- Cérons
- Barsac
- Sauternes
35
What are the two broad categories of soil in St-Émilion?
- côtes - steep limestone slopes
- graves - gravelly limestone plateau
36
What areas of origin may be listed with Côtes de Bordeaux?
- Francs
- Castillon
- Blaye
- Cadillac
37
What classified chateau of Graves produced its final vintage in 2008?
Chateau Laville Haut-Brion - classified for white wine
38
What classified chateau of Graves produced its last vintage in 2005?
Chateau La Tour Haut-Brion - it was classified for red wine
39
What color wines are produced in the Fronsac and Canon-Fronsac AOP?
Red for both
40
What color wines are produced under the Côtes de Blaye AOP? From what grapes?
White - Ugni Blanc and Colombard
41
What color wines does Blaye AOP produce?
Red
42
What colors can Médoc AOP wines be?
Red only
43
What commune has the largest number of classified growths?
Margaux (21)
44
What communes are located within Lalande-de-Pomerol AOP?
- Lalande-de-Pomerol
| - Néac
45
What first growths are located in Pauillac?
- Ch Lafite-Rothschild
- Ch Mouton-Rothschild
- Ch Latour
46
What is Cabernet Franc known as in Pomerol?
Bouchet
47
What is Chateau Latour's annual production?
150-180,000 bottles
48
What is Chateau Le Pin's annual production?
6,000 bottles
49
What is crasse de fer?
Rich clay that dominates Pomerol
50
What is Cru Artisan?
- Formally recognized in 2002
- From the 2005 vintage forward, 44 small producers in the Médoc have the right to use the appelltion
- It denots their place as exceptional stewards of the land and craft of winemaking, without the financing or apparatus of large-scale operations
51
What is Cru Bourgeois?
- Originally intro'd in 1932
- Divided 444 properties into 3 categories: Cru Bourgeois Exceptionnel, Cru Bourgeois Supérieur, and Cru Bourgeois
- It was not official until 2003, when only 247 chateaux retained their status
- The resulting legal action nullified the entire classification
- Cru Bourgeois was reinstated for the 2008 vintage, but it is no longer a specific classification
- The term now acts as a guarantor of quality and chateaux must apply for it regularly, submitting the wines to be blind tasted
- Cru Bourgeois Exceptionnel and Cru Bourgeois Supérieur has been eliminated
52
What is mainly produced in the Côtes de Bourg?
the vast majority is red
53
What is Malbec known as on the Right Bank?
Pressac
54
What is pourriture noble?
Noble rot
55
What is the largest communal appellation of the Haut-Médoc?
Margaux
56
What is the min must weight for harvest in Sauternes?
221 g/l
57
What is the min RS of Sauternes?
45 g/l of RS
58
What is the traditional method sparkling wine AOP for Bordeaux?
Crémant de Bordeaux AOP
59
What may the wines of Barsac be sold as?
Barsac AOP or Sauternes AOP
60
What portion of Graves production is white?
25.00%
61
What producer of St Emilion is notable for having Cabernet Sauvignon?
Chateau Figeac
62
What relatively common Bordeaux variety is essentially non-existent on the Right Bank?
Petit Verdot
63
What river is the "Right Bank" on?
Dordogne River
64
What river is the Haut-Médoc located on?
Gironde Estuary
65
What size are barriques?
225L
66
What soil type does Cabernet Franc excel in?
Limestone-based soils
67
What style of wines are produced under Côtes de Bordeaux-Saint-Macaire AOP? Where is it located?
Whites:
- Sec
- Moelleux
- Liquereux
Southern portion of Entre-Deux-Mers, borders; borders Haut-Benage to the SE
68
What style of wines are produced under the Graves de Vayres AOP? Where is it located?
Red and white
Northern portion of Entre-Deux-Mers along the banks of the Dordogne River across from Fronsac
69
What style of wines are produced under the Graves Supérieur AOP?
Sweet whites
70
What style of wines are produced under the Sainte-Foy-Bordeaux AOP?
Red and white
71
What sweet white AOPs are one the eastern shores of the Garonne?
Cadillac AOP
Loupiac AOP
Ste-Croix-du-Mont AOP
Premières Côtes de Bordeaux AOP
72
What style wines can be labeled as Graves AOP?
Red and dry whites
73
What sub-appellation of northern Graves was created in 1987?
Pessac-Léognan - it effectively became the prestige appellation for both red and white while sidelining the producers of Southern Graves
74
What two AOPs may use the geographical designation "Haut-Benauge"?
- Bordeaux AOP
| - Entre-Deux-Mers AOP
75
What two classified chateaux no longer produce wine under their own labels? Both properties now supply fruit for a second red and a new white wine under what label?
- Ch La Tour Haut-Brion & Ch Laville Haut-Brion
| - Ch La Mission Haut-Brion
76
What vintages from 1900-1950 did Ch d'Yquem not produce wine?
10, '15, '30, '51, '52
77
What vintages since 1960 has Chateau d'Yquem not produced wine?
64, '72, '74, '92, 2012
78
What was the first identifiable vineyard estate in Bordeaux?
Chateau Pape-Clément in 1305
79
What was the only Chateau in the 1855 Classification of Bordeaux that was for both red and white?
Chateau Haut-Brion in Graves
80
What year was Chateau Mouton-Rothschild upgraded?
1973
81
When did Chateau La Tour Haut-Brion produce its final vintage?
2005
82
When did Chateau Laville Haut-Brion produced its final vintage?
2008
83
When did Cru Artisan become formally recognized?
2002
84
When were the three-tier ranking of chateaux of St-Émilion? When were the revisions made?
- 1954 (published in 1955)
| - '69, '85, '96, '06, '12
85
When were the wines of Graves first and last classified? What changed?
- 1953
| - 1959 - six wines were added
86
When were the wines of Sauternes classified?
Alongside those of the Médoc in 1855
87
Where are the oldest cultivated vineyards in Bordeaux?
Bourg - they were well regarded until being eclipsed in the late 1600s by the Médoc and Graves
88
Where in the Haut-Médoc is the gravel topsoil at its deepest point?
Pauillac
89
Where is Ch Chasse-Spleen located?
Moulis
90
Where is Chateau Roc de Cambes located?
Cotes de Bourg
91
Which of the major communes of the Médoc produces the least wine?
St-Julien
92
Who commissioned and carried our the 1855 Classification of Bordeaux?
- Emperor Napoleon III commissioned it
| - Courtiers carried it out
93
Who organized the classification of Graves?
INAO
94
Who produces the "Crème de Tête"? What is special about it?
- Chateau Gilette (Sauternes)
| - A decade-long maturation in concrete vats
95
Bordeaux is France's largest wine appellation at ______ acres
306,000
96
Who provided the framework for the Medoc? What did they do?
The Dutch. They created a complex series of drainage channels throughout the area, making it suitable for viticulture in the mid 1600s
97
Bordeaux's historical rise and commercial success is linked to?
A intermediary for wine who buys fruit or wine in barrels to age in their own cellars before selling the bottled wine.
98
En primeur
Yearly sales offering Bordeaux wines as futures
99
Basic Bordeaux climate
Maritime. Short winters, damp springs, hot summers.
100
What are the climate moderators for Bordeaux?
The Atlantic and Gironde estuary (prevent winter freezes & spring frosts). Coastal pine forests (protect Medoc vineyards from harsh W & NW winds).
101
St Émilion & Pomerol climate
More continental, less maritime
102
Climate worries
Spring humidity -> mold & rot. Autumn humidity -> grey rot (in cooler years). Also, rain.
103
What is a clairet wine?
A darker, more aromatic style of rosé that evoke the original claret wines shipped to England during the Middle Ages.
104
**Bordeaux AOP** - grapes allowed (red)
Cab Sauvignon, Merlot, Cab Franc, Petite Verdot, Malbec
Max 5% combined Arinarnoa, Castets, Marselan, Touriga Nacional
105
What does Cabernet Sauvignon add to blends?
Structure, power, & longevity. Also, black currant and violets
106
What does Merlot add to blends?
Fleshy, juicy texture that can soften the austerity of cab sauv. Also softness and richness
107
What does Cabernet Franc add to blends?
Herbal spices and red fruit aromatics. It is more tannic than merlot but less muscular/ weighty than can sauv.
108
What does Petit Verdot add to blends?
Added for color, depth, and exotic perfume
109
What is the last of the Bordeaux red grapes to ripen?
Petit Verdot
110
Medoc AOP covers what area?
The entire wine- producing left bank of the Gironde Estuary, a 50 mile stretch northward from the city of Bordeaux. It encompasses the Haut- Medoc.
111
Medoc AOP- wine styles
Red only
112
Bas-Medoc
Northern region of Medoc. More merlot grown here than in Haut Medoc. Clay heavy soils.
113
Haut-Medoc AOP covers what area?
A narrow corridor of land on the left bank in the southern Médoc.
114
Cru Artisan denotes:
The place has exceptional stewards of the land and craft of winemaking, without the financing or apparatus of large- scale operations
115
Cru Bourgeois was originally introduced in ____ and became official in ____.
1933; 2003
116
Cru Bourgeois denotes:
A gaurantor of quality. A chateau must apply for it regularly
117
1st recorded example of a name brand chateau
Ho-Bryan. 1663
118
2 soils of St Émilion
Côtes & graves
119
Côtes
Hillsides with steep limestone slopes
120
Graves
Gravelly limestone plateaus.
121
As of 2012, how many Grand Cru Classé As are there?
4
122
Name the 4 Grand Cru Classé As of St Émilion
Château Angélus, Château Pavie, Château Cheval Blanc and Château Ausone
123
Which two chateaux were promoted to classé A in 2012?
Château Pavie and Angelus
124
How many Grand Cru Classé Bs are there?
14
125
Name the classé B of St Émilion.
```
Clos Fourtet,
Château la Gaffelière,
Château Beauséjour,
Château Larcis Ducasse,
Château Beau-Séjour-Bécot,
La Mondotte,
Château Bélair-Monange,
Château Canon, Macquin,
Château Canon la Gaffelière,
Château Troplong Mondot,
Château Trottevieille,
Château Figeac,
Château Valandraud
```
126
What does St Émilion Grand Cru AOP refer to?
It's an appelation, not a classification, in which the wines are required to show an additional +.5% alcohol and must undergo longer élevage.
127
Garagistes movement
In the latter decades of the 20th century a new trend of "microchâteau" developed. These small château make powerfully ripe and polished modern wines from just a handful of acres.
128
Bordeaux is part of which department?
Gironde
129
Viticulture concerns
Fungal disease and various levels of ripening because of cloud cover and rainfall
130
What is the dominating trade structure?
La place de Bordeaux
131
What is the Bordeaux mixture. What does it help prevent?
A mixture of lime, copper sulfate and water. Prevents fungal diseases.
132
What are the 6 permitted white varieties - **Bordeaux AOP**?
Min 70% combined Semillion, Sauv Blanc, Muscadelle, Sauvignon Gris
Max 30% combined Ugni Blanc, Merlot Blanc, Colombard, Alvarinho, Liliorila
133
What is the restriction for ugni blanc, merlot blanc, and colombard?
Maximum 30% of blend
134
Name the superior first growth of Sauternes
Chat d'yquem
135
Name 5 of the 11 first growths of Sauternes
Chat. La tour blanche. Chat. Lafaurie Peyraguey. Chat. Clos Haut Peyraguey. Chat. De Rayne vigneau. Chat. Suduiraut. Chat. Coutet. Chat. Climens. Chat. Guiraud. Chat. Rieussec. Chat. Rabaud Promis. Chat sigalas Rabaud.
136
Name 5 of the 15 second growths of Sauternes
Chat. Doisy Daene. Chat filhot. Chat. Caillou. Chat de Myrat. Chat Suau.
137
Which 6 chateau are classified for both red and white wines in the graves classification?
Chateau Carbonnieux. Domaine de Chevalier. Chateau Malartic- Lagraviere. Chateau Olivier. Chateau Bouscaut. Chateau Latour- Martillac.
138
What are the red wine only chateaux in the graves classification?
De Fieuzal. Haut Bailly. Haut Brion. La Mission Haut Brion. Pape Clement. Smith Haut Lafite. La tour Haut Brion.
139
What chateau are for white wines only in the graves classification?
Couhins. Couhins-Lurton. Laville Haut Brion.
140
What is the second label of Cos d'Estournel?
Les Pagodes de Cos
141
What is the second label of Montrose?
La Dame du Montrose
142
What is the second label of Calon Segur?
Marquis de Calon
143
What is the second label of Lafon Rochet?
Les Pelerins de Lafon Rochet
144
What is the second label of Lafite Rothschild?
Carruades de Lafite
145
What is the second label of Latour?
Les Forts de Latour
146
What is the second label of Mouton Rothschild?
Petit Mouton
147
What is the second label of Pichon Baron?
Tourelles de Longueville
148
What is the second label of Pichon Lalande?
Reserve de la Comtesse
149
What is the second label of Lynch Bages?
Echo de Lynch Bages (as of '08)
150
What is the second label of Pontet Canet?
Les Hauts de Pontet
151
What is the second label of Ducru Beaucaillou?
La Croix du Beaucaillou
152
What is the second label of Gruaud Larose?
Sarget de Gruaud Larose
153
What is the second label of Leoville las Cases?
Le Petit Lion du Marquis de las Cases
154
What is the second label of Lagrange?
Les Feifs de Lagrange
155
What is the second label of Beychevelle?
Amiral de Beychevelle
156
What is the second label of Branaire Ducru?
Chateau Duluc
157
What is the second label of Talbot?
Connetable de Talbot
158
What is the second label of Margaux?
Pavillon Rouge
159
What is the second label of Dufort Vivens?
Vivens Rouge
160
What is the second label of Lascombes?
Chevalier de Lascombes
161
What is the second label of Palmer?
Alter Ego
162
What is the second label of Carbonnieux?
La Tour Leognan
163
What is the second label of Domaine de Chevalier?
L'Espirit de Chevalier
164
What is the second label of Haut Brion?
R- Le Clarence de Haut Brion
| W- La Clarte de Haut Brion
165
What is the second label of Pape Clement?
Le Clementin du Pape Clement
166
What is the second label of Smith Haut Lafite?
Les Hauts de Smith
167
What is the second label of Rieussec?
Carmes de Rieussec
168
What is the second label of Suduiraut?
Castelnau de Suduiraut
169
What is the second label of Ausone?
Chapelle d'Ausone
170
What is the second label of Angelus?
Carillon d'Angelus
171
What is the second label of Pavie?
Espirit de Pavie (as of '08)
172
What is the second label of Gigeac?
La Grange Neuve de Figeac
173
What is the second label of Valandraud?
Virginie de Valandraud
174
What is the second label of Clinet?
Fleur de Clinet
175
What is the second label of La Conseillante?
Duo de Conseillante (as of '07)
176
What is the second label of Trotanoy?
Esperance de Trotanoy
177
What is the second label of Vieux Chateau Certan?
La Gravette de Certan
178
What is the location and growth of Lafite Rothschil?
1st, Pauillac
179
What is the location and growth of Latour?
1st, Pauillac
180
What is the location and growth of Margaux?
1st, Margaux
181
What is the location and growth of Haut Brion?
1st, Graves (Pessac-Leognan)
182
What is the location and growth of Mouton Rothschild?
1st, Pauillac (as of '73)
183
What is the location and growth of Cos d'Estournel?
2nd, St. Estephe
184
What is the location and growth of Montrose?
2nd, St. Estephe
185
What is the location and growth of Pichon Longueville Baron?
2nd, Pauillac
186
What is the location and growth of Pichon Longueville Comtesse de Lalande
2nd, Pauillac
187
What is the location and growth of Leoville las Cases?
2nd, St. Julien
188
What is the location and growth of Leoville Poyferre?
2nd, St. Julien
189
What is the location and growth of Leoville Barton?
2nd, St. Julien
190
What is the location and growth of Gruaud Larose?
2nd, St. Julien
191
What is the location and growth of Ducru Beaucaillou?
2nd, St. Julien
192
What is the location and growth of Rauzan Segla?
2nd, Margaux
193
What is the location and growth of Rauzan Gassies?
2nd, Margaux
194
What is the location and growth of Durfort Vivens?
2nd, Margaux
195
What is the location and growth of Lascombes?
2nd, Margaux
196
What is the location and growth of Brane Cantenac?
2nd, Margaux (Cantenac-Margaux)
197
What is the location and growth of Calon Segur?
3rd, St Estephe
198
What is the location and growth of Lagrange?
3rd, St. Julien
199
What is the location and growth of Langoa Barton?
3rd, St. Julien
200
What is the location and growth of Malescot St. Exupery?
3rd, Margaux
201
What is the location and growth of Desmirail?
3rd, Margaux
202
What is the location and growth of Ferriere?
3rd, Margaux
203
What is the location and growth of Marquis d'Alesme Becker?
3rd, Margaux
204
What is the location and growth of Kirwan?
3rd, Margauc (Cantenac)
205
What is the location and growth of d'Issan?
3rd, Margaux (Cantenac)
206
What is the location and growth of Boyd Cantenac?
3rd, Margaux (Cantenac)
207
What is the location and growth of Cantenac Brown?
3rd, Margauc (Cantenac)
208
What is the location and growth of Palmer?
3rd, Margaux (Cantenac)
209
What is the location and growth of Giscours?
3rd, Margaux (Labarde)
210
What is the location and growth of La Lagune?
3rd, Haut Medoc (Ludon)
211
What is the location and growth of Lafon Rochet?
4th, St. Estephe
212
What is the location and growth of Duhart Milon Rothschild?
4th, Pauillac
213
What is the location and growth of Saint Pierre?
4th, St. Julien
214
What is the location and growth of Talbot?
4th, St. Julien
215
What is the location and growth of Branaire Ducru?
4th, St. Julien
216
What is the location and growth of Beychevelle?
4th, St. Julien
217
What is the location and growth of Marquis de Terme?
4th, St. Julien
218
What is the location and growth of Pouget?
4th, Margaux (Cantenac)
219
What is the location and growth of Prieure-Lichine?
4th, Margaux (Cantenac)
220
What is the location and growth of La Tour Carnet?
4th, Haut Medoc (St. Laurent)
221
What is the location and growth of Cos Labory?
5th, St. Estephe
222
What is the location and growth of Pontet Canet?
5th, Pauillac
223
What is the location and growth of Batailley?
5th, Pauillac
224
What is the location and growth of Haut Batailley?
5th, Pauillac
225
What is the location and growth of Haut Bages Liberal?
5th, Pauillac
226
What is the location and growth of Grand Puy Lacose?
5th, Pauillac
227
What is the location and growth of Grand Puy Ducasse?
5th, Pauillac
228
What is the location and growth of Lynch Bages?
5th, Pauillac
229
What is the location and growth of Lynch Moussas?
5th, Pauillac
230
What is the location and growth of d'Armailhac?
5th, Pauillac (previously Mouton Baronne Philippe until 1989)
231
What is the location and growth of Pedesclaux?
5th, Pauillac
232
What is the location and growth of Clerc-Milon?
5th, Pauillac
233
What is the location and growth of Croizet Bages?
5th, Pauillac
234
What is the location and growth of Dauzac?
5th, Margaux (Labarde)
235
What is the location and growth of du Tertre?
5th, Margaux (Arsac)
236
What is the location and growth of Belgrave?
5th, Haut Medoc (St. Laurent)
237
What is the location and growth of de Camensac?
5th, Haut Medoc (St. Laurant)
238
What is the location and growth of Cantemerle?
5th, Haut Medoc (Macau) (added in 1856)
239
What are the New Bordeaux Grape Varietals approved by CIVB in January 2021?
4 new red varieties;
Touriga Nacional,
Marselan (Cabernet Sauvignon x Grenache Noir), Castets,
Arinarnoa (Cabernet Sauvignon xTannat)
```
2 white grapes;
Alvarinho
Liliorila (Baroque x Chardonnay).
```
240
What is the single most dangerous weather element in Bordeaux?
Rain, particularly at harvest.
241
What is the Ciron?
A tributary of the Garonne cutting through Barsac and Sauternes, creating a "T" that contributes to botrytis.
242
What is higher: max yield for the Médoc/Haut-Médoc, or max yield for St-Estèphe, Paulliac, St-Julien, and the other communal appellations?
Médoc/Haut-Médoc @ 55hl/h v. 57 for the named communes
243
What are the communes of Pauillac?
```
Pauillac
St-Estèphe
St-Julien-Beychevelle
Cissac-Médoc
Saint-Saveur
```
244
What are the communes of St-Julien?
Pauillac
St-Julien-Beychevelle
St-Laurent-Médoc
Cussac-Fort-Médoc
245
What is the "super-second" of St-Estèphe?
Cos d'Estournel
246
What are the Super Seconds of St-Julien?
Léoville-Las-Cases
Ducru-Beaucaillou
247
What are the communes of Margaux?
```
Soussans
Margaux
Cantenac
Labarde
Arsac
```
248
What are boulbenes?
A mix of sand, gravel, and light clay found in Graves
249
What was the Graves Classification created, and when was it revised?
1953
1959
250
What was the last vintage for La Tour Haut-Brion, and what is it now used for?
2005
Blended into the second wine of La Mission Haut-Brion: La Chapelle de la Mission Haut-Brion
251
Notable unclassified estates of the Médoc
Potensac (Médoc)
Sociando-Mallet (Haut-Médoc)
Chasse-Spleen (Moulis)
Poujeaux (Moulis)
252
What château originally classified in 1855 is no longer part of the classification?
Château Dubignon, a third growth of Margaux.
It was absorbed into Malescot-St-Exupéry post-phylloxera in the 1870's. From 1901 to 1960 it was its own estate labeled Dubignon-Talbot and classed as Cru Bourgeois Superieur/Ancienc Troisieme Cru; later parceled and sold off.
253
What marks the border between St. Estèphe and Pauillac? What two estates does it divide?
The Jalle de Breuil.
Cos d'Estournel and Lafite-Rothschild.
254
What is calcaire à astéries?
Starfish limestone, the bedrock of the Left Bank; younger than Jurassic limestone, containing starfish fossils
255
What is the soil composition of Pomerol?
Gravel over Frondais Molasse (sandy clay) and Crasse de Fer (iron rich wind sediments)
256
What is pressac?
Malbec (Right Bank)
257
What is bouchet?
Cabernet Franc (Right Bank)
258
Which St-Émilion château uses a high % of Cabernet Sauvignon?
Château Figeac
35% Cab Sauv
35% Cab Franc
30% Merlot
259
What are the two major soil structures of St-Émilion?
Côtes: Steep limestone slopes
Graves: gravelly limestone plateau
260
What are Sables Anciens?
Very Old Sand - often seen in St-Émilion
261
When was St-Émilion first classified, and when was it revised?
1955
1969, 1985, 1996, 2006, 2012
262
What is St-Émilion Grand Cru?
An AOP covering the same ground as St-Émilion;
wines are required to have higher minimum alcohol (11.5% v. 11%)
and longer elevage (Released May 15 v. April 15 of the year following the harvest).
263
What are the communes of Pomerol?
Libourne
Pomerol
264
What are the communes of Lalande-de-Pomerol?
Lalande-de-Pomerol
Néac
265
Four satellites of St-Émilion
St-George-St-Émilion
Montagne-St-Émilion
Lussac-St-Émilion
Puisseguin-St-Émilion
266
Pomerol Satellites
Lalande-de-Pomerol
Fronsac
Canon-Fronsac
267
In 1973, what two former satellites of St-Émilion merged with Montagne and St-Émilion respectively?
Parsac-St-Émilion (Montagne)
Sables-St-Émilion (St Emilion)
268
In addition to the côtes and graves, what other two main soil types will you find in St-Emilion?
Sand over clay in the northwest, near Pomerol.
More alluvial soils in the south, close to the Dordogne.
269
What are the two most famous garagiste producers?
Valandraud
Mondotte
270
What is the highest-elevation subzone of St-Émilion?
Puisseguin-St-Émilion (89m)
271
What stream separates St-Émilion from Montagne-St-Émilion?
The Barbanne
272
What other satellite has the option of labeling as Montagne-St-Émilion?
St-George-St-Émilion
273
What are the requirements for Saint Emilion Grand Cru Classe?
```
Submitted to a tasting panel, judged on a 20 point scale
14/20 for Grand Cru Classe
50% Tasting of 10 vintages
20% Topography and soil
10% viticulture and winemaking
20% reputation of the estate
```
274
What are the requirements for Saint Emilion Premier Grand Cru Classe?
Submitted to a tasting panel, judged on a 20 point scale
16/20 for Grand Cru Classe
30% Tasting of additional 5 vintages (15 vintages total)
30% Topography and soil
5% Viticulture and winemaking
35% Reputation of the estate
275
Where is the Isle River?
A tributary of the Dordogne, separating Fronsac and Lalande-de-Pomerol.
276
Name the Premiers Grands Crus Classés B of St. Emilion
```
Beauséjour (Duffau-Lagarrosse)
Beau-Séjour Bécot
Bélair Monange
Canon
Canon-la Gaffelière
Figeac
Clos Fourtet
La Gaffelière
Larcis Ducasse
La Mondotte
Pavie-Macquin
Troplong Mondot
Trotte Vieille
Valandraud
```
277
Which chateaux were elevated to Premier Cru Classé A in 2012?
Angélus
Pavie
278
Which chateaux were elevated to Premier Cru Classé B in 2012?
```
Canon-la-Gaffelière
Larcis Ducasse
La Mondotte
Pavie-Macquin (2006)
Troplong Mondot (2006)
Valandraud
```
279
Which two chateaux were promoted in 2006, and allowed to keep the status even after the classification was voided?
Pavie-Macquin
Troplong Mondot
280
Bordeaux's climate is influenced by the:
Proximity to the Atlantic Ocean
and influence funneled inland by the Gironde Estuary
281
Bordeaux's climate:
Maritime
Warm summers, cool winters, without spikes of temperature an extreme seasonaility
282
How much rainfall does the Medoc receive annually?
950mm
More than any other region in France
Rainfall decreases slightly as you move inland
283
What parallel does Bordeaux fall on?
Just north of the 45th
284
What other factors influence Bordeax's climate?
The balmy Atlantic Gulf Stream, bringing warm waters up from the Caribbean, keeping the climate mild
285
Bordeaux Winkler Scale?
Region II
Average temperature in Aug is 26
286
How does Bordeaux differ from other Cabernet-growing regions of the US?
It doesn't experience a sizeable diurnal shift
287
Most planted white and red grapes of Bordeaux?
Merlot (63%)
Semillon (45%)
288
What is the chemical name for pyrazaine?
2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine
289
When does Merlot ripen in relation to Cabernet Sauvignon?
Up to two weeks earlier
290
What does Cabernet Franc add to a blend?
Acidity and aromatics
291
What does Petit Verdot add to a blend?
Color, exotic spice, floral perfume, and a tannic backbone
291
What is Sauvignon Gris?
A genetically-identical, earlier-ripening strain of Sauvignon Blanc
292
How many individual AOP's are in Bordeaux?
39
CIVB says 60, but overstatement
293
Three Regional AOP's?
Bordeaux AOP
Bordeaux Superieur AOP
Cremant de Bordeaux AOP
All cover entire area of Bordeaux
294
AOP Hierarchy:
Regional AOP's (3)
Sub-Regions ( Medoc, Entre, Cotes)
"Village" (may be single commune or cluster)
*No single estate or single vineyard appellations
295
How large are "village" AOP's?
more than 1000 ha
296
What can be produced under the broad Bordeaux AOP?
Red, white, (sec, off-dry, medium-sweet) rose, and clairet
297
What can be produced under the Bordeaux Superieur AOP?
Limited to red and medium-sweet white
298
Cremant de Bordeaux requirements:
Generic outlet for whites and rose sparkling
Traditional method
At least 9 months on the lees
299
What departments does the Atlantique IGP encompass?
Gironde
Charente
Charente-Maritime
Dordogne
Lot-et-Garonne
300
What was Bordeaux previously called in Celtic times?
Burdigala
301
How many chateaux are in the 1855 Classification today?
61 estates for red
27 estates for white
302
What is the Liv-Ex Classification?
In the manner of the original 1855 Classification, the London International Vitner's Exchange has published a biennial list of the top wines of Bordeaux since 2009. This list is based on current trading prices on the exchange and only Left Bank red wines are considered. It can be a better indicator or current performance.
303
What is the Bordeaux Mixture?
a copper sulfate-lime concoction
304
Who was the first estate to begin estate-bottling?
Mouton-Rothschild, 1924
305
How does Bordeaux rank as an exporter?
They're France's largest still wine exporter
306
What is the Place de Bordeaux?
It's a three-tier, de facto system of wine production, brokerage, and sales that controls the trade of wine in Bordeaux.
Chateau tier - typically aristocracy or the church
Sales tier - merchant class
Broker tier - acted as intermediary between two classes
307
Which major chateau opted out of En Primeur in 2012?
Chateau Latour
308
How does land ownership differ between Burgundy and Bordeaux?
Burgundy - premier/grand are won or lost through ownership
Bordeaux - producers can add or subtract holdings from non-adjacent parcels
309
How does vine-training differ in parts of Bordeaux?
Left Bank - Double Guyot
Right Bank - Simple Guyot
Sauternes - Cordon
310
Why do we see more Cordon training in Sauternes?
It encourages smaller berries that attract botrytis
311
What does "green harvesting" encourage?
Smaller berries, reduces vigor
312
What technique, from Madiran, is employed to soften super-tannic grapes?
Micro-oxygenation
Softens green, rustic, tannic grapes
313
Second wines of the Medoc tend to have a greater proportion of ________ compared Grands Vins.
Merlot
They also typically see less new oak
314
What man-made forest shields the Medoc from the Atlantic weather and winds?
Landes Forest - coastal pines
315
What famous unclassified growth do we find in the Haut-Medoc?
Chateau Sociando-Mallet
A small strip of land north of Saint-Estephe
316
Which Medoc commune has been described as "least impressive"?
Saint-Estephe AOP
Only five classified estates
Characterized as rustic, aggressive, and sturdy, taking years to soften
317
Where do we find the deepest "croupes" in Bordeaux?
Pauillac
318
How many first growths is Pauillac home to?
Three
319
What "style" is Pauillac known for?
Power - dark, firm, brooding wines that require years to cellar/unclench
320
Most Pauillac Grands Vins include 80-95% _________
Cabernet Sauvignon
321
How many classified growths in St. Julien?
11
Highest proportion of classified growths in the Medoc
322
Describe Saint-Julien's style:
Defined by what it's not, elegant without being Margaux, firm without the power of Pauillac
323
How is the soil different in Margaux?
Firstly, lower in elevation, more broad, wider diversity of soil. Gravel is more shallow, leads to earlier ripening. Also sand, limestone, and clay.
324
How many classified growths does Margaux have?
21
Led by Chateau Margaux
and the over-performing Chateau Palmer
325
Style of Margaux wines?
More aromatic, silkier, lighter in body
326
The Moulis appellation shares the western edge of the _________ with Saint-Julien
Grand Poujeaux Croupe
327
Moulis AOP is known for which Cru Bourgeois producers?
Chateau Chasse-Spleen
Chateau Poujeaux
328
Which two other classifications exist for wines of the Medoc?
Cru Bourgeois
Cru Artisan
329
What is Cru Artisan?
Around for half a century, recognized in 2002
44 small producers originally, now 36
Stewards of the land and the craft of wine-making without the financing or apparatus of large-scale operations
Average 6ha each
330
What separates Graves from the Atlantic Ocean?
The Landes Forest
331
_____ is the only major region of Bordeaux to produce top examples of all three main styles of Bordeaux
Graves
332
What are the two regional AOP's for Graves?
Graves AOP - dry red and white
Graves Superieur - only sweet wine production
333
What styles of wine does the Pessac-Leognan AOP allow?
Still Red and White
334
What communes are the first growths located in?
Haut Brion - Pessac Leognan
Chateau Margaux - Margaux
Chateau Latour - Pauillac
Chateau Lafite - Pauillac
Chateau Mouton-Rothschild - Pauillac
335
What communes make up the Sauternes appellation?
Sauternes
Bommes
Fargues
Preignac
Barsac
336
All three modern Leoville domaines in Saint-Julien and Chateau Palmer used to belong to a single nobleman:
Alexander de Gasq
337
What is the "priviledge de la barrique"
a protectionist measure that entitled Bordeaux wines alone to storage and shipment in barrique (225L). Made of superior wood, the barrel gave Bordeaux wines certain advantages with shipping.
338
Bordeaux: 2000 vintage
A very dry summer, produced exactly the style of late-picked, ripe, and ready wines that Parker likes
339
Bordeaux: 2003 vintage
Ultra-hot year, producing super-ripe, low-acid wines. Initially liked by Americans but fell off.
340
Bordeaux: 2005 vintage
Universally lauded as another vintage of the century.
341
Bordeaux: 2009 and 2010 vintages
Universally lauded as ANOTHER vintage of the century.
342
Bordeaux: 2002 and 2007
Thinner, rainier interludes
343
Threats to Bordeaux's viticulture?
Powdery Mildew
Downy Mildew
344
Biodynamic estate in Bordeaux?
Chateau Pontet-Canet
345
Other names for Botrytis Cinerea:
Pourriture Noble
Noble Rot
346
In what vintages did d'Yquem opt to not make wine?
2012
1992
1974
1972
1964
1952
1951
1930
1915
1910
347
In what vessel is Sauternes fermented?
open-top barrique
heavy does of elevage sulfur to reduce VA and referementation
348
Is cryoextraction and chapitalization allowed in Sauternes?
Yes, although viewed as a failure
349
What grapes are allowed in Sauternes AOP?
Muscadelle
Sauvignon Blanc
Sauvignon Gris
Sémillon
350
What's the min must weight of Sauternes?
Minimum Must Weight: 221 g/l
351
What's the min RS for Sauternes?
Minimum Residual Sugar: 45 g/l
352
Harvest requirements for Sauternes?
Harvest Method: botrytis-affected grapes must be hand-harvested in successive tries
353
When may Sauternes be released?
Élevage: The wines may not be released until June 30 of the year following the harvest
354
What Graves AOP's are authorized for Blanc Liquoreux?
Graves Supérieures AOP
Cérons AOP
Barsac AOP
Sauternes AOP
355
What two Graves AOP's are authorized for Red and Blanc Sec?
Graves AOP
Pessac-Leognan AOP
356
What classifications exist in Bordeaux?
1855 Classification of Bordeaux 1855 1973
Classification of Sauternes (1855) 1855 1855
Classification of Graves (1959) 1953 1959
Classification of St. Émilion (2022) 1955 2022
Cru Artisan Classification (2022) 2002 2016
Cru Bourgeois Classification (2020) 2003 2020
Created/Last Modified
357
List the First Growths (Premiers Crus)
Château Lafite Rothschild, Pauillac
Château Latour, Pauillac
Château Margaux, Margaux (Margaux)
Château Haut-Brion, Graves
Château Mouton Rothschild, Pauillac: Originally classified as a second growth, the estate was elevated in 1973.
358
List the Second Growths (Deuxièmes Crus):
Château Cos d'Estournel, Saint-Estèphe
Château Montrose, Saint-Estèphe
Château Pichon Longueville Baron, Pauillac
Château Pichon Longueville Comtesse de Lalande, Pauillac
Château Léoville-Las Cases, Saint-Julien
Château Léoville-Poyferré, Saint-Julien
Château Léoville Barton, Saint-Julien
Château Gruaud-Larose, Saint-Julien
Château Ducru-Beaucaillou, Saint-Julien
Château Rauzan-Ségla, Margaux (Margaux)
Château Rauzan-Gassies, Margaux (Margaux)
Château Durfort-Vivens, Margaux (Margaux)
Château Lascombes, Margaux (Margaux)
Château Brane-Cantenac, Margaux (Cantenac)
359
List the Third Growths (Troisièmes Crus):
Château Calon-Ségur, Saint-Estèphe
Château Lagrange, Saint-Julien
Château Langoa Barton, Saint-Julien
Château Malescot-Saint-Exupéry, Margaux (Margaux)
Château Desmirail, Margaux (Cantenac)
Château Ferrière, Margaux (Margaux)
Château Marquis d'Alesme Becker, Margaux (Margaux)
Château Kirwan, Margaux (Cantenac)
Château d'Issan, Margaux (Cantenac)
Château Boyd-Cantenac, Margaux (Cantenac)
Château Cantenac-Brown, Margaux (Cantenac)
Château Palmer, Margaux (Cantenac)
Château Giscours, Margaux (Labarde)
Château La Lagune, Haut-Medoc (Ludon)
360
List the Fourth Growths (Quatrièmes Crus):
Château Lafon-Rochet, Saint-Estèphe
Château Duhart-Milon-Rothschild, Pauillac
Château Saint-Pierre, Saint-Julien
Château Talbot, Saint-Julien
Château Branaire-Ducru, Saint-Julien
Château Beychevelle, Saint-Julien
Château Marquis de Terme, Margaux (Margaux)
Château Pouget, Margaux (Cantenac)
Château Prieuré-Lichine, Margaux (Cantenac)
Château La Tour Carnet, Haut-Médoc (Saint-Laurent)
361
List the Fifth Growths (Cinquièmes Crus):
Château Cos Labory, Saint-Estèphe
Château Pontet-Canet, Pauillac
Château Batailley, Pauillac
Château Haut-Batailley, Pauillac
Château Haut-Bages-Libéral, Pauillac
Château Grand-Puy-Lacoste, Pauillac
Château Grand-Puy-Ducasse, Pauillac
Château Lynch-Bages, Pauillac
Château Lynch-Moussas, Pauillac
Château d'Armailhac, Pauillac: (This estate was known as Mouton-Baronne-Philippe from 1933-1988.)
Château Pédesclaux, Pauillac
Château Clerc-Milon, Pauillac
Château Croizet Bages, Pauillac
Château Dauzac, Margaux (Labarde)
Château du Tertre, Margaux (Arsac)
Château Belgrave, Haut-Médoc (Saint-Laurent)
Château de Camensac, Haut-Médoc (Saint-Laurent)
Château Cantemerle, Haut-Médoc (Macau)
362
Name 3 of the 5 accessory varieties permitted for Bordeaux Blanc.
Ugni Blanc, Merlot Blanc, Colombard, Alvarinho, Liliorila
363
Accessory varieties may account for a maximum _____% of Bordeaux Blanc and _____% for Bordeaux Rouge.
30%; 5%
364
When was the first Classification of Graves? Last modification?
1953; 1959
365
What 3 viticultural diseases arrived in succession to Bordeaux in the second half of the 19th century?
Oidium (powdery mildew), Phylloxera, and Peronospera (downy mildew)
366
Which vintage of Bordeaux was considered a "breakout" and found an influx of interest from the American market?
1982
367
The vineyards of Sauternes are situated near the confluence of 2 rivers, the ______________ and ____________.
Garonne and Ciron
368
Which famous Saint-Émilion producer notably leads with Cabernet Sauvignon in its grand vin?
Château Figeac
369
Name the 4 formerly ranked châteaux that withdrew from Saint-Émilion's classification.
Angelus, Ausone, Cheval Blanc, and La Gaffelière
370
State the growth and commune for the following classified châteaux:
a. Château Rauzan-Ségla
b. Château Grand-Puy-Lacoste
c. Château Beychevelle
d. Château Calon-Ségur
e. Château Talbot
f. Château Clerc-Milon
g. Château Montrose
a. Château Rauzan-Ségla 2nd; Margaux
b. Château Grand-Puy-Lacoste 5th; Pauillac
c. Château Beychevelle 4th; St-Julien
d. Château Calon-Ségur 3rd; St-Estèphe
e. Château Talbot 4th; St-Julien
f. Château Clerc-Milon 5th; Pauillac
g. Château Montrose 2nd; St-Estèphe
371
What are the four accessory varieties allowed in red Bordeaux?
Touriga Nacional, Castets, Marselan, Arinarnoa
372
What are the seven accessory varieties allowed in white Bordeaux?
Ugni Blanc, Merlot Blanc, Alvarinho, Liliorila, Floréal Blanc, Sauvignac Blanc, Souvignier Gris (confusingly the Cahier doesn’t mention Colombard, Mauzac, or Ondenc although they’re frequently cited as allowable accessory varieties)
373
What are the legal requirements within Bordeaux Supérieur Blanc for residual sugar?
Must be greater than 17 grams/liter
374
What river provides the cool, fog-generating, botrytis-inducing environment of Sauternes as it meets with the Garonne?
The Ciron
375
What is the IGP for Bordeaux?
Atlantique IGP
376
Prior to 1998 Château Palmer’s 2nd wine went by a different name, what was that name?
Réserve du Général
377
What classified growth is known for having an old plot of Carmenère (even if it only makes up 1% of the possible blend)?
Château Clerc-Milon
378
Within the context of Bordeaux what is a chartreuse?
A single-story expansive country manor-house
379
What ingredients go in to a Bordelaise sauce?
Dry red wine, bone marrow, shallots, butter, demi-glace
380
What is the most recent year in which no Yquem was produced?
2012
381
What makes St-Emilion special?
St. Emilion is headlined by diverserve terroir, creating a wide range of styles and qualities. The region has two main zones with the côtes- hillside steep limestone slopes- and the graves- the revered gravelly limestone plateau- and the often forgotten, sprawling Dordogne River Valley (sandy/alluvial).
The cotes of the limestone plateau is most historic, and surround the commune of St-Emilion, where most classified estates reside. The cool clay soils atop the plateau reward vigorous, early ripening Merlot.
The smaller graves zone, nearer to the NW sector, closer to Pomerol the soils turn gravelly and warmer, better suiting Cabernet Franc (Buchet)
Nearer to the Dordogne River, the soils became sandier and the wines gradually become lighter, until reaching a point where Bordeaux AOP wines are grown.
The diversity of St-Emilion is illustrated by its multiple appellations, and classifications. St-Emilion AOP, St-Emilion Grand Cru AOP, - St-Emi
382
Name 3 soil types of Pomerol?
Sandy
Gravel
Clay
383
What is the name and type of soil that makes Petrus special?
The most acclaimed soil type is located at the highest and eastern most part of the plateau known as the buttonhole (boutonniere). This is where Petrus is located. Thick blue clay. Because of this soil, Petrus is one of the only great chateaux to make a mono variteal wine. 100% Merlot
384
What are the two communes of production for Lalande de Pomerol?
Lalande de Pomerol
Neac
385
What are the satellite communes of St-Emilion?
Lussac
Montagne- easternmost
Puisseguin- northernmost
St-Georges- located within Montagne
386
What are the two rivers of Fronsac?
The Isle River and the Dordogne- The Isle river and the Dordogne. The isle river separates Fronsac from Lalande de Pomerol; the Dordogne divides Fronsac and Entre de Mers
387
What are the communes of Fronsac?
Fronsac
Galgon
La Rivière
Saillans
Saint-Aignan
Saint-Germain-de-la-Rivière
Saint-Michel-de-Fronsac
Two most sought after are Saillans and La Riviere
388
What is the average rainfall in the Medoc annually?
950 mm
Or
37.4 inches
389
Where was the technique of Micro-oxygenation learned from in Bordeaux?
Madiran
390
What is Cliquage and what stage of winemaking does it occur in?
Cliquage is introducing moderate doses of oxygen to the wine, in elevage/barrel, to substitute the step of racking.
391
The natural barrier between the Medoc and the Atlantic ocean is?
Landes Forest
392
What AOC is Chateau Poujeaux from?
Moulis
393
What is Poujeaux?
Pocket of gravelly soils in Moulis, that Chateau Poujeaux is planted on.
394
Name 3 producers that are classified in Graves for both white and red.
Château Malartic Lagraviere
Château Olivier
Château Carbonnieux
Domaine de Chevalier
Château Latour-Martillac
Château Bouscaut
395
Martillac, Talence, and ______________ are communes of classified wines of Graves.
Cadaujac
Leognan
Pessac
Villenave d’Ornon
396
Classification of Sauternes occurred in _____________ and name the three echelons of classification.
1855
Premier Cru Superior
Premier Cru
Deuxieme Cru
397
Name 3 examples of Premiers Cru Sauternes producers.
Chateau Giuruad
Château Rieussec
Château Coutet
Chateau Climens
398
Name the communes of Sauternes.
Sauternes
Barsac
Bommes
Fargues
Pregnac
399
Château _______, Barsac L'Extravagant, Sauternes 2019
Château Doisy Daëne, Barsac L'Extravagant, Sauternes 2019
400
Label these Sauternes vintages generally either as Outstanding (4 or 5 stars) or Poor (1 or 2 stars):
1959 - Outstanding
1967- Outstanding
1968- Poor
1972- Poor
1974- Poor
1977- Poor
1982- Poor
1983- Outstanding
1984- Poor
1987- Poor
1989- Outstanding
1990- Outstanding
1991- Poor
1992- Poor
1993- Poor
1995- Outstanding
1996- Outstanding
1997- Outstanding
1998- Outstanding
1999- Outstanding
2001- Outstanding
2003- Outstanding
2005- Outstanding
2007- Outstanding
2009- Outstanding
2011- Outstanding
2012- Poor
2014- Outstanding
401
Which Bordeaux sub-region is famous for its clay and limestone soil, suitable for Merlot cultivation?
Saint-Émilion
402
In what year was the Bordeaux wine region officially established?
1152 (Marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine to Henry II of England)
403
Which Bordeaux vintage is often referred to as the "Vintage of the Century"?
1982
404
Which Bordeaux winemaking technique involves drying grapes before fermentation to concentrate sugars and flavors?
Passerillage
405
Which 3 Grand Cru Classe A Chateaus of the Right Bank have opted out of their classification?
Angelus, Cheval Blanc, Ausone
406
Which Bordeaux sub-region, located near the Garonne River, is known for its wines with a balance of power and finesse, often considered the "Golden Triangle"?
Margaux
407
What is the term for the method of training grapevines to grow upwards along a trellis system, commonly used in Bordeaux vineyards?
Espalier
408
Which Bordeaux winemaking technique involves fermenting the grapes without the stems?
Décuvage
409
Name the Bordeaux winemaking technique where winemakers heat the grape must to extract color and flavor before fermentation.
Flash détente
410
Which Bordeaux winery is credited with producing the first varietal wine from Bordeaux, specifically a 100% Cabernet Sauvignon?
Château Haut-Brion
